bHLH factors in muscle development: dead lines and commitments, what to leave in and what to leave out.

Olson, Eric N.; Klein, William H.

doi:10.1101/gad.8.1.1

Cited by 650 publications

(423 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(51 reference statements)

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confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that overlapping sets of genes are expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle, several lines of evidence suggest that distinct transcriptional programs may regulate these processes. For example, basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors are not expressed in developing heart or precardiac mesoderm (49,63,64), and mice contain-Previous studies have demonstrated that the known GATA transcription factors bind the consensus motif (A/ T)GATA(A/G) (16,73). Random site selection has suggested that additional nonconsensus sequences can bind GATA proteins with high affinity (32,42).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The GATA-4 transcription factor transactivates the cardiac muscle-specific troponin C promoter-enhancer in nonmuscle cells.

Ip¹,

Wilson²,

Heikinheimo³

et al. 1994

Mol. Cell. Biol.

171

104

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The unique contractile phenotype of cardiac myocytes is determined by the expression of a set of cardiac muscle-specific genes. By analogy to other mammalian developmental systems, it is likely that the coordinate expression of cardiac genes is controlled by lineage-specific transcription factors that interact with promoter and enhancer elements in the transcriptional regulatory regions of these genes. Although previous reports have identified several cardiac muscle-specific transcriptional elements, relatively little is known about the lineage-specific transcription factors that regulate these elements. In this report, we demonstrate that the slow/cardiac muscle-specific troponin C (cTnC) enhancer contains a specific binding site for the lineagerestricted zinc finger transcription factor GATA-4. This (7, 10,27,35,48,65,81). Therefore, an understanding of muscle cell development must at some level be based upon elucidating the molecular mechanisms that control lineage-specific gene expression during myogenesis.The recent identification and characterization of the basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors, including MyoD, myogenin, Myf-5, and MRF-4/herculin/Myf-6, as well as the MEF-2 family of transcription factors has added significantly to our understanding of skeletal myogenesis (8, 9,12,15,18,40,41,43,58,59,76,80). These factors bind to and regulate the expression of many skeletal muscle-specific genes (47,48,64,70). In contrast, relatively little is currently understood about the molecular mechanisms that control cardiac muscle-specific gene expression during mammalian development. Despite the fact that overlapping sets of genes are expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle, several lines of evidence suggest that distinct transcriptional programs may regulate these processes. For example, basic helix-loop-helix myogenic transcription factors are not expressed in developing heart or precardiac mesoderm (49,63,64), and mice contain-* Corresponding author. Mailing address:

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The GATA-4 transcription factor transactivates the cardiac muscle-specific troponin C promoter-enhancer in nonmuscle cells.

Ip¹,

Wilson²,

Heikinheimo³

et al. 1994

Mol. Cell. Biol.

171

104

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“…Myoblast cells, although undifferentiated and capable of continued proliferation, differentiate when they receive the appropriate environmental signals, fuse, and form multinucleate myotubes. At the same time as this morphological differentiation, a battery of adult muscle-specific genes whose products are required for the unique contractile and metabolic properties of the muscle fiber are activated (1,2). The factors that regulate the expression of muscle-specific genes following commitment to terminal differentiation are well established.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Four members of the family have been cloned: MyoD (4), Myf5 (5), myogenin (6,7), and Mrf4 (8 -10). Each of these factors is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle, and when expressed ectopically in a variety of non-muscle cell types, they activate the complete program of myogenic differentiation (2). All the members of the myogenic bHLH family activate the transcription of muscle-specific genes by binding to the E-box consensus sequence (CANNTG) in muscle gene promoters and enhancers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The factors that regulate the expression of muscle-specific genes following commitment to terminal differentiation are well established. The best characterized are the members of the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) 1 protein family or MyoD family, that function as master regulators of muscle cell fate during development (2,3). Four members of the family have been cloned: MyoD (4), Myf5 (5), myogenin (6,7), and Mrf4 (8 -10).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Myogenesis and MyoD Down-regulate Sp1

Viñals

Fandos

Santalucı́a

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Muscle cell differentiation caused a reduction of glucose transport, GLUT1 glucose transporter expression, and GLUT1 mRNA levels. A fragment of 2.1 kilobases of the rat GLUT1 gene linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase drove transcriptional activity in myoblasts, and differentiation caused a decrease in transcription. Transient transfection of 5 and 3 deletion constructs showed that the fragment ؊99/؊33 of the GLUT1 gene drives transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 gene and participates in the reduced transcription after muscle differentiation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed the binding of Sp1 protein to the fragment ؊102/ ؊37 in the myoblast state but not in myotubes, and Sp1 was found to transactivate the GLUT1 promoter. Western blot analysis indicated that Sp1 was drastically down-regulated during myogenesis. Furthermore, the forced over-expression of MyoD in C3H10T1/2 cells mimicked the effects observed during myogenesis, Sp1 down-regulation and reduced transcriptional activity of the GLUT1 gene promoter.In all, these data suggest a regulatory model in which MyoD activation during myogenesis causes the down-regulation of Sp1, which contributes to the repression of GLUT1 gene transcription and, therefore, leads to the reduction in GLUT1 expression and glucose transport.

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Expression patterns of the four nuclear factor I genes during mouse embryogenesis indicate a potential role in development

1997

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The nuclear factor I (NFI) family of site‐specific DNA‐binding proteins is required for both the cell‐type specific transcription of many viral and cellular genes and for the replication of adenovirus DNA. Although binding sites for NFI proteins within the promoters of several tissue‐specific genes have been shown to be essential for their expression, it is unclear which NFI gene products function in specific tissues during development. We have isolated cDNAs from all four murine NFI genes (gene designations Nfia, Nfib, Nfic, and Nfix), assessed the embryonic and postnatal expression patterns of the NFI genes, and determined the ability of specific NFI proteins to activate transcription from the NFI‐dependent mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. In adult mice, all four NFI genes are most highly expressed in lung, liver, heart, and other tissues but only weakly expressed in spleen and testis. The embryonic expression patterns of the NFI genes is complex, with NFI‐A transcripts appearing earliest—within 9 days postcoitum in the heart and developing brain. The four genes exhibit unique but overlapping patterns of expression during embryonic development, with high level expression of NFI‐A, NFI‐B, and NFI‐X transcripts in neocortex and extensive expression of the four genes in muscle, connective tissue, liver, and other organ systems. The four NFI gene products studied differ in their ability to activate expression of the NFI‐dependent MMTV promoter, with the NFI‐B protein being most active and the NFI‐A protein being least active. These data are discussed in the context of the developmental expression patterns of known NFI‐responsive genes. The differential activation of an NFI‐dependent promoter, together with the expression patterns observed for the four genes, indicate that the NFI proteins may play an important role in regulating tissue‐specific gene expression during mammalian embryogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 208:313–325, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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bHLH factors in muscle development: dead lines and commitments, what to leave in and what to leave out.

Cited by 650 publications

References 58 publications

The GATA-4 transcription factor transactivates the cardiac muscle-specific troponin C promoter-enhancer in nonmuscle cells.

The GATA-4 transcription factor transactivates the cardiac muscle-specific troponin C promoter-enhancer in nonmuscle cells.

Myogenesis and MyoD Down-regulate Sp1

Expression patterns of the four nuclear factor I genes during mouse embryogenesis indicate a potential role in development

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