“…Currently there is considerable research which uses cell phone call records or location data, obtained from MNOs, to metrics of interest, such as population density (Deville et al, 2014), urban growth (Bagan and Yamagata, 2015), cellular network anomalies (Sultan et al, 2018) and socio-economic characteristics (Fernando et al, 2018;Koebe, 2020;Schmid et al, 2017). However, the limitations of this approach relate to there being (i) no call data in areas with no coverage, and (ii) privacy issues associated with this type of data, affecting data sharing.…”