Betaine aids in the osmoregulation of duodenal epithelium of broiler chicks, and affects the movement of water across the small intestinal epithelium in vitro

Kettunen, Hannele; Peuranen, Seppo; Tiihonen, Kirsti

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00298-7

Cited by 73 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In present study, significantly increased oocysts numbers were recorded in control group than those of administered with purified beta-glucans. The chickens in control groups were observed depressed, lethargic and dull with ruffled feather and irregular feed and water intake (Personal observations) that may lead to alteration in gut homeostasis, altered metabolism and lower body weight gains, (McKenzie et al, 1987;Adams et al, 1996;Kettunen et al, 2001). The pathogenic Eimeria species seriously affect the enteric microenvironment and ultimately cytokines production, which lead to physiological changes and increased hemorrhagic lesions (Allen, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological and Therapeutic Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Derived Betaglucans against Coccidiosis in Chicken

Rizwan¹,

Khan²,

Iqbal³

et al. 2016

IJAB

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To cite this paper: Rizwan, H.M., M.K. Khan, Z. Iqbal and F. Deeba, 2016. Immunological and therapeutic evaluation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) derived beta-glucans against coccidiosis in chicken. AbstractThis study was carried out to determine the immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects of wheat derived beta-glucans (purified) against avian coccidiosis. Briefly, beta-glucans from wheat bran were extracted and purified using standard procedures. A total of 250 broiler chicks (day-old) were reared at experimental station, Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for this study. At 7 th day of their age, birds were subdivided into five equal groups (n=50). Groups A, B and C were orally administered with graded doses of purified beta-glucans (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg of body weight) for three consecutive days; whereas, positive control (group D) was administered with vitamin-E at the dose rate of 87mg/kg; while negative control (group E) was served with phosphate buffered saline (PBS solution). At 14 th day post administration of graded doses, 30 chickens from each group were randomly selected and used to monitor cellular and humoral immune responses, while remaining birds (n=20) in each group were challenged with mixed species of genus Eimeria for therapeutic evaluation. Overall, chickens in group A administered with 50 mg/kg b.wt. purified beta-glucans showed significantly higher immune responses in terms of enhanced humoral and cell mediated immunity as compared to those of other beta-glucans administered and E groups. While, the immune responses showed by group A were comparable with group D. After challenge with Eimeria, the groups A and D also showed maximum weight gains with low oocyst counts and maximum percent protection against lesions in both caecum and intestine. On the other hand, a minimum daily weight gain with increased number of oocysts in chickens was observed in control group (PBS) during therapeutic evaluation. These findings suggest that the beta-glucans derived from wheat may have immunomodulatory and therapeutic effects against Eimeria infection in chickens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological and Therapeutic Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Derived Betaglucans against Coccidiosis in Chicken

Rizwan¹,

Khan²,

Iqbal³

et al. 2016

IJAB

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“…Transepithelial electrophysiological studies suggest that betaine changes the transport of ions in the intestinal epithelium of pigs (Kettunen et al 2001a). Since betaine uptake is in part characterised as an Na þ -dependent co-transport (Kettunen et al 2001b), supplemental dietary betaine might result in higher absorption rates of Na þ and Na þ -dependent ions.…”

Section: Betaine and Nutrient Digestibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock

et al. 2005

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The present review summarises the potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine as a feed additive in relation to performance criteria in livestock production. Betaine, the trimethyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, is a metabolite of plant and animal tissues. In plants, betaine is particularly synthesised and accumulated as an osmoprotectant against salt and temperature stress. In animals, betaine is the product of choline oxidation or it originates from nutritional sources. Over the past decades, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate the potential effects of betaine supplementation on animal performance. Due to its chemical structure, betaine shows the characteristics of a dipolar zwitterion resulting in osmoprotective properties. Promoting effects on the intestinal tract against osmotic stress occurring during diarrhoea or coccidiosis have been reported following betaine supplementation in pigs and poultry. There is also some evidence that dietary betaine may improve the digestibility of specific nutrients. As a product of choline oxidation, betaine is involved in transmethylation reactions of the organism. Betaine as a methyl donor provides its labile methyl groups for the synthesis of several metabolically active substances such as creatine and carnitine. Supplementation with betaine may decrease the requirement for other methyl donors such as methionine and choline. There is also some evidence for enhanced methionine availability after dietary supplementation of betaine resulting in improved animal performance. Alterations in the distribution pattern of protein and fat in the body have been reported following betaine supplementation. A more efficient use of dietary protein may result from a methionine-sparing effect of betaine, but also direct interactions of betaine with metabolism-regulating factors have to be considered. Though the mode of action of betaine as a carcass modifier remains open, there is, however, growing evidence that betaine could have a positive impact both on animal performance and carcass quality.

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“…There is no evidence to support betaine directly influencing lipid metabolism; instead, betaine is thought to reduce maintenance energy requirements by maintaining cellular osmolarity without requiring ion pumps in cells exposed to hyperosmotic conditions (Moeckel et al 2002), which allows more energy to be directed towards fat accretion (Campbell et al 1995;Suster et al 2004). In chickens, betaine is able to maintain gut cellular osmolarity and improve and stabilise the structure of gut mucosa (Kettunen et al 2001), although in meat lambs, betaine supplementation did not alter the hydration status of the animals at slaughter (Pearce et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary betaine supplementation has energy-sparing effects in feedlot cattle during summer, particularly in those without access to shade

DiGiacomo¹,

Warner

Leury³

et al. 2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract. Dietary betaine supplementation improves water retention in steers and may influence lean-tissue deposition, while also acting as an osmolyte to help regulate cellular osmotic balance. This study investigated the interactions between shade and dietary betaine on carcass characteristics, tissue enzyme activity and gene expression in 48 feedlot steers during summer. Steers were randomly allocated to a 4 · 2 factorial design with the factors being dietary betaine (0, 10, 20 or 40 g) and shade (with and without shade) for 120 days. Tissue samples were obtained at slaughter and analysed for gene expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 (HSP70/90) and expression of heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), and enzyme activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glycerol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH). Carcasses were evaluated for quality. Carcass weight at slaughter was not altered by shade (P = 0.18) but tended to be increased by dietary betaine (306 v. 314 kg, P = 0.09). The P8 backfat was not altered by shade (P = 0.43) or dietary betaine (P = 0.32), although there was a within dietary betaine effect whereby P8 backfat tended to be greater in steers fed 10 g compared with 40 g betaine/day (17.4 v. 14.5 mm, P = 0.06). Muscle pH at 1 h (5.97 v. 6.03, P = 0.01) and 2 h (5.73 v. 5.80, P = 0.04) post-slaughter was higher in shaded steers, and muscle pH at 1 h post-slaughter was higher in steers fed 10 or 20 g than those fed 40 g betaine/day (6.03 v. 6.03 v. 5.95, P = 0.005). Gene expression was not altered by betaine, while adipose tissues expressed more of each gene than muscle (P < 0.001). The mRNA expression of HSF1 and HSP90 was influenced by a shade · betaine interaction, although the direction of this interaction was irregular (P = 0.03 and 0.03, respectively). Adipose tissue FAS and G6PDH enzyme activity was unaffected by shade and betaine. The results of this study indicate that betaine supplementation may be a successful carcass modifier in growing feedlot steers during summer. Provision of shade during summer may reduce the rate of pH decline in the first 2 h after slaughter and reduce the risk of high rigor temperature.

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Betaine aids in the osmoregulation of duodenal epithelium of broiler chicks, and affects the movement of water across the small intestinal epithelium in vitro

Cited by 73 publications

References 33 publications

Immunological and Therapeutic Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Derived Betaglucans against Coccidiosis in Chicken

Immunological and Therapeutic Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Derived Betaglucans against Coccidiosis in Chicken

Potential nutritional and physiological functions of betaine in livestock

Dietary betaine supplementation has energy-sparing effects in feedlot cattle during summer, particularly in those without access to shade

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