BackgroundThe collection of papers submitted to this Special Issue is mainly an outcome of the Session SSS8.5, EGU2018 ''Soil contamination and human health: advances and problems of risk assessment'', the European Geosciences Union (EGU) Conference held in Vienna, April 2018.The development of soil geochemistry and geochemical ecology has demonstrated a correlation between concentration of certain elements in soil, their transfer to local food chains and biological reactions to deficiency or excess of the particular elements, including diseases such as goitre, fluorosis, selenosis and cancer. The development of analytical chemistry combined with developing GIS increases the spatial correlation between soil geochemistry and medical data. It is necessary to establish the optimal level for population health and evaluate the spatial distribution of soil chemicals above or below these optimal levels.