Benefitting from the global, protecting the local: The nested markets of wild product trade

Conceptualising the Factors that Influence the Commercialisation of Non-Timber Forest Products: The Case of Wild Plant Gathering by Organic Herb Farmers in South Tyrol (Italy)

“…Finland is an exception to this, and the commercialisation of wild plants has been proactively supported since the 1970s with training, tax exemptions and subsidies, which has resulted in a pioneering position in Europe [17,29]. However, the examples from Latvia and British Columbia, Canada, show that the absence of political interest can also provide fruitful ground for the development of wild plant commercialization-at least as long as no major problems occur [30,31].…”

“…While socio-cultural and economic developments in Europe in recent decades have generally led to a decreasing diversity in wild plants used in households, the remaining traditions are an important factor in supporting commercialisation. Gathering and commercialisation of blueberries in Latvia [30] or mushrooms in Finland [17] and Italy [43], for example are rooted in these widespread and longstanding cultural practices and related local knowledge.…”

“…Political support measures to enhance wild plant commercialisation are on the edge of political sectors and difficult to access for entrepreneurs; individual countries provide training, subsidies or tax exemptions [1,2,17,[29][30][31] Socio-economic Income Increase in product quantity and quality through wild plant gathering increases income n/a Prospect of income may be a decisive factor for engaging in wild plant commercialisation, although for some gatherers idealistic reasons prevail [7,8,29,32] Labour No work investment needed for cultivating and tending many wild plant species Natural fostering is time consuming but needed for several wild plant species; need for several gatherers at particular times Availability of labour is an important precondition for wild plant commercialisation [11,16,17,29,33] Cultivation of some plant species easy; increasing competition because several producers offer similar products…”

“…Commercialisation of gathered wild plant species may compete with the commercialisation of cultivated plants of the same or similar species; competition may also occur between different kinds of value chains [8,14,34,35] Value chain type Availability of direct marketing structures n/a Availability of value chains for large-scale gathering and direct marketing structures for farming families support wild plant commercialisation [7,8,36,37] Demand Rising demand for wild plant products; trend for healthy and regional foods; increasing opportunities to learn about wild plant uses n/a Trend for wild plant products supports wild plant commercialisation, while such trends may appear and vanish quickly [8,15,27,[37][38][39][40][41] Certification and labelling Certification enhances trust in environmental sustainability of production processes and food safety; societal trend for certification Certification needs bureaucratic efforts; lack of consumer awareness about additional value of organic certification; cases of fraud in organic market damage trust in organic label Certification can improve market access and income for producers, enhance sustainability and offer better traceable value chains for consumers but may be challenging to achieve due to certification processes and requirements [27,42] Culture Traditional and local knowledge Traditions for wild plant gathering available; opportunities for knowledge transmission and learning available; n/a Wild plant commercialisation is frequently rooted in cultural practices and related knowledge, which may support or limit wild plant commercialisation [6,17,18,30,38,43,44] Attitudes appreciation of health benefits of wild plant species; appreciation of being outdoors and connected with nature when gathering n/a Perception among gatherers of wild plant gathering being a pleasurable activity and enhancing connectedness to nature may support wild plant commercialisation [6,9,24,33]…”

Mobilizing common biocultural heritage for the socioeconomic inclusion of small farmers: panarchy of two case studies on quinoa in Chile and Bolivia

“…In fact, in several cases, peasant producers see the export market as more stable and fair than the domestic market (Soper 2016). The concept of nested markets describes arrangements that allow small local producers to access increasingly globalized markets without losing control over the production process and local/global connections (Grivins and Tisenkopfs 2018). Consumer awareness of these local/global connections and their solidarity with producers are key factors for the socio-economic inclusion of small farmers (Castaldo et al 2009).…”