Behavioral and Electroencephalographic Effects of Hallucinogenic Drugs

Abstract

previous studies of the behavior of cats after the intraventricular injection of various drugs opened up a new method of investigation. By this technique they showed that drugs injected into this area of high pharmacologic sensitivity could evoke various complex behavioral responses and conditions resembling sleep, anesthesia, profound muscular weakness, catatonia, and convulsions. Their classification of the effects characterized by certain common features of reaction suggested further experiments in which, in addition to the effects of the drug alone, antagonisms of various chemicals within the central nervous system might be studied. Of particular interest to experimental psychiatry is the possible antagonism of lysergic acid diethylamide and serotonin. Previously, Gaddum3 had shown the effect of such antagonism on smooth muscle.(1-methyl-3,5,6-indolestriol), and ergotamine. METHODThree cats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium were operated on. Their heads were fixed in a cat Horsley-Clark stereotactic instrument. Midline in¬ cisions were made, and the fascia and temporalis muscles were laterally deflected. A trephination was made 15 mm. anterior to the line of the ex¬ ternal auditory meatus and 7 mm. to the right of the midline. After a tiny incision had been made in the dura mater, a polyethylene catheter with a No. 22 stainless-steel stylet was introduced perpen¬ dicular to the cortex, but on a 15-degree angle with the midline. As the catheter was being inserted, the stylet was frequently withdrawn until clear cerebrospinal fluid, which freely pulsated with respiration, was evident. At this point a Lucite ring 8 mm. in diameter and approximately 4 mm. in height was cemented with Acralite plastic. The cap was securely fastened to the skull by pouring liquid Acralite around the catheter and allowing it to harden. The catheter was then cut off approxi¬ mately 1 cm. above the cortex and was connected to a solid stainless-steel stylet. The catheter and stylet were then covered under a Lucite cone screwed into the skull receptacle (Fig. 1). Post¬ mortem examination demonstrated the patent cath¬ eters ( Fig. 2a and b) in the right lateral ventricle in two cats ; in the third cat the tip of the catheter was located in the third ventricle. Fig. 1.-Cat with intraventricular catheter and electrodes in position.

Epinephrine Metabolites: Relationship of Epinephrine Metabolites to Schizophrenia.

“…Animal experiments confirm these findings (26). Both adrenochrome and adrenolutin, when injected into the cerebral ventricles of cats, have induced trancelike changes and hypersexuality associated with marked electroencephalographic abnormality lasting up to twentyfour hours.…”

Epinephrine Metabolites: Relationship of Epinephrine Metabolites to Schizophrenia.

“…Animal experiments confirm these findings (26). Both adrenochrome and adrenolutin, when injected into the cerebral ventricles of cats, have induced trancelike changes and hypersexuality associated with marked electroencephalographic abnormality lasting up to twentyfour hours.…”

Innovation and inequity in psychedelic research at the Mayo Clinic

“…The results of the limited animal studies they conducted did not seem to inform their approach to human subjects. Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957; Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956).…”

“…Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Despite these findings showing poor tolerance by animal subjects, they continued to pursue studies of both of these drugs in humans.…”

“…Other investigations testing the adrenochrome hypothesis did not break convincingly in its favor (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Sem-Jacobsen, et al, 1956;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). One such experiment compared blood levels of 'plasma pressors,' a mix of adrenaline and noradrenaline, in patients with psychosis to those of healthy volunteers (Manger et al, 1957).…”

Evaluation of the Central Effects of Ergot Alkaloids by Means of Electroencephalography

“…Just to quote a few: the mechanism of the emesis induced by the dihydrogenated and non dihydrogenated peptide alkaloids has been report ed to a stimulation of the chemoreceptor trig ger zone, very similar to that exerted by apomorphine. Stereotyped behavior was des cribed by Schwartz et al (1956) in cats treated with 20 pg of ergotamine injected intraventricularly, as well as by Stone (1973) in rats receiv ing 1-2 mg/kg parenterally of agroclavine. Not to mention the reports of Shelesnyak (1954) which evidenced an effect of ergotoxine on the central neuroendocrine regulator systems.…”

Epinephrine Metabolites: Relationship of Epinephrine Metabolites to Schizophrenia.

“…Animal experiments confirm these findings (26). Both adrenochrome and adrenolutin, when injected into the cerebral ventricles of cats, have induced trancelike changes and hypersexuality associated with marked electroencephalographic abnormality lasting up to twentyfour hours.…”

Innovation and inequity in psychedelic research at the Mayo Clinic

“…The results of the limited animal studies they conducted did not seem to inform their approach to human subjects. Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957; Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956).…”

“…Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Despite these findings showing poor tolerance by animal subjects, they continued to pursue studies of both of these drugs in humans.…”

“…Other investigations testing the adrenochrome hypothesis did not break convincingly in its favor (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Sem-Jacobsen, et al, 1956;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). One such experiment compared blood levels of 'plasma pressors,' a mix of adrenaline and noradrenaline, in patients with psychosis to those of healthy volunteers (Manger et al, 1957).…”

Evaluation of the Central Effects of Ergot Alkaloids by Means of Electroencephalography

“…Just to quote a few: the mechanism of the emesis induced by the dihydrogenated and non dihydrogenated peptide alkaloids has been report ed to a stimulation of the chemoreceptor trig ger zone, very similar to that exerted by apomorphine. Stereotyped behavior was des cribed by Schwartz et al (1956) in cats treated with 20 pg of ergotamine injected intraventricularly, as well as by Stone (1973) in rats receiv ing 1-2 mg/kg parenterally of agroclavine. Not to mention the reports of Shelesnyak (1954) which evidenced an effect of ergotoxine on the central neuroendocrine regulator systems.…”

Epinephrine Metabolites: Relationship of Epinephrine Metabolites to Schizophrenia.

“…Animal experiments confirm these findings (26). Both adrenochrome and adrenolutin, when injected into the cerebral ventricles of cats, have induced trancelike changes and hypersexuality associated with marked electroencephalographic abnormality lasting up to twentyfour hours.…”

Innovation and inequity in psychedelic research at the Mayo Clinic

“…The results of the limited animal studies they conducted did not seem to inform their approach to human subjects. Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957; Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956).…”

“…Tests of LSD and mescaline on three cats and one dog provoked restlessness, agitation, and other behavioral disturbances (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Mescaline, in particular, was poorly tolerated one cat suffered seizures and pulmonary edema that ultimately proved fatal (Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). Despite these findings showing poor tolerance by animal subjects, they continued to pursue studies of both of these drugs in humans.…”

“…Other investigations testing the adrenochrome hypothesis did not break convincingly in its favor (Manger et al, 1957;Schwarz, Sem-Jacobsen, et al, 1956;Schwarz, Wakim, et al, 1956). One such experiment compared blood levels of 'plasma pressors,' a mix of adrenaline and noradrenaline, in patients with psychosis to those of healthy volunteers (Manger et al, 1957).…”

Evaluation of the Central Effects of Ergot Alkaloids by Means of Electroencephalography

“…Just to quote a few: the mechanism of the emesis induced by the dihydrogenated and non dihydrogenated peptide alkaloids has been report ed to a stimulation of the chemoreceptor trig ger zone, very similar to that exerted by apomorphine. Stereotyped behavior was des cribed by Schwartz et al (1956) in cats treated with 20 pg of ergotamine injected intraventricularly, as well as by Stone (1973) in rats receiv ing 1-2 mg/kg parenterally of agroclavine. Not to mention the reports of Shelesnyak (1954) which evidenced an effect of ergotoxine on the central neuroendocrine regulator systems.…”