Behavior of field-applied triadimefon, malathion, dichlorvos, and their main metabolites during barley storage and beer processing

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe behavior and fate of 3 pesticides (triadimefon, malathion, and dichlorvos) and the main metabolites (triadimenol and malaoxon) during barley storage or beer processing were assessed using a pilot-plant equipment. The residues of all products were determined using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Field investigation of the dissipation rate kinetics for triadimefon and malathion during storage indicated that their half-life was twice as high when 5 times the recommended dosage was used. Milling had little effect on the removal of dichlorvos and malathion residues, whereas these were substantially removed when the spent grains were filtered after mashing. The calculated processing factors were all <1, indicating the residual ratios of dichlorvos and malathion were reduced during the entire process. In conclusion, storage and processing considerably reduced pesticide residue levels in barley and beer; however, greater focus needs to be paid to the toxicity of their metabolites in commercial by-products.

The fungicide triadimefon affects beer flavor and composition by influencing Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism

“…Triadimefon [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-2-butan-one] (TF) is a systemic wide-spectrum antifungal compound that belongs to the group of sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicides, which interfere with the formation of fungal cell walls 5 . TF is the main pesticide used during cultivation to protect barley from diseases infestation 6 7 . Although precautions are taken to limit the harmful effects of pesticide use, residues/metabolites on barley grain may be transferred to the wort and persist during brewing, with the possibility of exerting potentially deleterious effects on beer quality.…”

Assessment of the dissipation, pre‐harvest interval and dietary risk of carbosulfan, dimethoate, and their relevant metabolites in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

“…The other set was prepared using the extracts of the control samples (known as matrix standards). The matrix effect (ME) was calculated according to the following equation: where slope matrix and slope solvent are the calibration curve slopes of the matrix and solvent standard, respectively . Noticeable signal suppression and enhancement differences occurred for the seven analytes in the two matrices, because the slope ratios of matrix/acetonitrile ranged from 0.6 to 1.3 and the matrix effects (MEs) ranged between ‐43.9% and +34.9% (Table S2).…”

Multiclass Analytical Method for Pesticide and Mycotoxin Analysis in Malt, Brewers’ Spent Grain, and Beer: Development, Validation, and Application

“…12 Liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS) predominates as the preferable separation/ detection technique. 8−11 Recent studies have also been carried out to determine the presence of pesticides in beer from their use in barley, 13 hops, 14 and spiked malt 15 as well. The concentration levels were generally low, which rises concern about the reuse of byproducts, such as brewers' spent grain (BSG), used as animal feed, and which has, more recently, started to be evaluated as a potential ingredient in human food.…”

“…The concentration levels were generally low, which rises concern about the reuse of byproducts, such as brewers' spent grain (BSG), used as animal feed, and which has, more recently, started to be evaluated as a potential ingredient in human food. 16−18 Extraction methods used were QuEChERS 13,19 and liquid−liquid extraction assisted by salt addition, 14,15 and the determination techniques were LC−MS/MS, 13 gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (GC−MS/MS), 14,19 and gas chromatography− mass spectrometry (GC−MS). 15 It is interesting that a single analytical procedure could be employed for extraction and determination of several classes of compounds simultaneously, providing reduction in analysis time and cost and monitored scope expansion.…”