Beach Deployment of a Low-Cost GNSS Buoy for Determining Sea-Level and Wave Characteristics

Knight, P.; Bird, Cai; Sinclair, Alex; Higham, Jonathan; Plater, Andy

doi:10.3390/geosciences11120494

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…It can operate for up to 4 days, and RTKLIB is used for data processing. While tidal measurements from the buoy align well with nearby coastal tide gauge stations, it experiences challenges during strong tidal currents, such as high tide, leading to discontinuities in the GNSS signal lock [9]. 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Development of GNSS Buoy for Sea Surface Elevation Observation of Offshore Wind Farm

Liang,

Li,

Bao

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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This study presents the development and testing of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) buoy designed for measuring the sea surface elevation and tide level. The precision-point-positioning (PPP) technology is adopted for precise observation. The design of the buoy body is optimized by stability and hydrodynamic calculations. A high-performance embedded data acquisition system with big storage and high-frequency sampling is developed for long-term observation. The GNSS buoy is deployed in a wind farm approximately 70 km offshore of China, and undergoes a 60-day ocean test. A comparison of the sea level elevations obtained from the GNSS buoy and the pressure sensor shows that there is a strong correlation between them, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. A harmonic analysis is applied to derive the harmonic constants for four key tidal components (M2, S2, O1, and K1). The amplitude differences are −1.2 cm, 1.4 cm, −0.6 cm, and −1.2 cm, respectively, and the phase differences are 1.8°, 2.2°, −1.3°, and −2.9°, respectively. The strong correlation between the measurements of the GNSS buoy and the pressure sensor and the relatively small differences of the amplitude and phase of the main tidal components indicate that the compact GNSS buoy demonstrates a capability to continuously measure the sea surface elevation and tide level with an elevation reference in the open sea.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Development of GNSS Buoy for Sea Surface Elevation Observation of Offshore Wind Farm

Liang,

Li,

Bao

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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“…It is expected that PPK solutions result in a higher percentage of fixed solutions due to the difference in the solution algorithms it offers compared to RTK (Knight et al, 2021). A forward algorithm, which is absent during RTK processing, was applied in PPK mode allowing for more accurate timing corrections of an overall solution.…”

Section: Continuitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both setups, a higher number of NSat was observed for postprocessed solutions since solution algorithms of PPK account for other timing corrections from satellites are not accounted for in RTK (Knight et al, 2021). Moreso, signal transmission from the GPS and GLONASS constellations to the rover receiver during RTK was affected by environmental limitations.…”

Section: Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-Time Water Level Monitoring Using Low-Cost GNSS Receiver

Dizon,

Peñales,

Reyes

et al. 2024

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Abstract. Developing an accurate water level monitoring system is one of the measures to mitigate the effects of water-related hazards such as river flooding. While current monitoring systems in the country are efficient in terms of accurate and immediate data delivery, these systems can be costly. This study assesses the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) performance of low-cost receiver systems for water level monitoring using real-time kinematic (RTK) solution. A total of 10 days’ valid observation were analyzed to compare the two base-rover receiver setups: 1) low-cost base to low-cost rover (LC-LC) and 2) survey-grade base to low-cost rover (SG-LC) grounded on accuracy, integrity, continuity, availability, and cost. Accuracy results show LC-LC=5.81 cm and SG-LC=5.37 cm mean difference of RTK from in-situ readings. In terms of RTK and post-processing kinematic (PPK) difference for integrity criterion, the RTK SG-LC setup has a lower range of RMS of 0.86 to 1.94 cm versus LC-LC setup of 1.19 to 2.28 cm. For the continuity criterion, the average fixed solutions percentage for the LC-LC setup: RTK=91.43%, PPK=92.92%, whereas for the SG-LC: RTK=95.51%, PPK=98.39%. On availability, the number of valid satellites (NSat) and position dilution of precision (PDOP) of RTK and PPK solutions for each setup are LC-LC: RTK=11, PPK=23, PDOP=1.0 and SG-LC: RTK=11, PPK=24, PDOP=1.9. Lastly, in terms of costing, LC-LC costs Php 58,340 while SG-LC costs Php 1,279,645. Overall, the parity of LC-LC with SG-LC in terms of the five criteria suggests viability of using LC-LC for accurate real-time water level monitoring.

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Beach Deployment of a Low-Cost GNSS Buoy for Determining Sea-Level and Wave Characteristics

Cited by 2 publications

References 13 publications

Development of GNSS Buoy for Sea Surface Elevation Observation of Offshore Wind Farm

Development of GNSS Buoy for Sea Surface Elevation Observation of Offshore Wind Farm

Real-Time Water Level Monitoring Using Low-Cost GNSS Receiver

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