Bayesian Intent Prediction in Object Tracking Using Bridging Distributions

Ahmad, Bashar I.; Murphy, Jamie; Langdon, Patrick; Godsill, Simon

doi:10.1109/tcyb.2016.2629025

Cited by 52 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Theorem 2.10. A ZMNG [x k ] is reciprocal iff it satisfies (5) along with (6) or (7), and 7). Also, for c = 0, [x k ] is Markov iff in addition to (8), we have G N,0 = 0.…”

Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, [6]- [7] did not show what type of stochastic process was obtained for modeling their problem of intent inference. In other words, [6]- [7] did not discuss what type of transition density was obtained. In this paper, we address this issue and make it clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Note that(7) means that for c = N we have x 0 = e 0 and x N = G N,0 x 0 + e N ; for c = 0 we have x 0 = e 0 . Likewise for(6).2 e 0 and e N in(7) are not necessarily the same as e 0 and e N in(6). Just for simplicity we use the same notation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Dynamic Models and Representations of Reciprocal and Other Classes

Rezaie¹,

Li²

2020

IEEE Trans. Signal Process.

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Conditionally Markov (CM) sequences are powerful mathematical tools for modeling problems. One class of CM sequences is the reciprocal sequence. In application, we need not only CM dynamic models, but also know how to design model parameters. Models of two important classes of nonsingular Gaussian (NG) CM sequences, called CML and CMF models, and a model of the NG reciprocal sequence, called reciprocal CML model, were presented in our previous works and their applications were discussed. In this paper, these models are studied in more detail, in particular their parameter design. It is shown that every reciprocal CML model can be induced by a Markov model. Then, parameters of each reciprocal CML model can be obtained from those of the Markov model. Also, it is shown that a NG CML (CMF ) sequence can be represented by a sum of a NG Markov sequence and an uncorrelated NG vector. This (necessary and sufficient) representation provides a basis for designing parameters of a CML (CMF ) model. From the CM viewpoint, a representation is also obtained for NG reciprocal sequences. This representation is simple and reveals an important property of reciprocal sequences. As a result, the significance of studying reciprocal sequences from the CM viewpoint is demonstrated. A full spectrum of dynamic models from a CML model to a reciprocal CML model is also presented. Some examples are presented for illustration.Gaussian CM processes were introduced in [16] based on mean and covariance functions, where the processes were assumed nonsingular on the interior of the index (time) interval. [16] considered conditioning at the first time of the CM interval.[17] extended the definition of Gaussian CM processes (presented in [16]) to the general (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) case. In [1] we presented definitions of different (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) CM processes based on conditioning at the first or the last time of the CM interval, studied (stationary/non-stationary) NG CM sequences, and presented their dynamic models and characterizations. Two of these models for two important classes of NG CM sequences (i.e., sequences being CM L or CM F over [0, N ]) are called CM L and CM F models. Applications of CM sequences for trajectory modeling in different scenarios were also discussed. In addition, [1] provided a foundation and preliminaries for studying the reciprocal sequence from the viewpoint of the CM sequence in [18].Reciprocal processes were introduced in [13] and studied in [19]-[37] and others.[19]-[23] studied reciprocal processes in a general setting. [17] made an inspiring comment that reciprocal and CM processes are related, and discussed the relationship between the Gaussian reciprocal process and the Gaussian CM process.[18] elaborated on the comment of [17] and obtained a relationship between (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) CM and reciprocal processes. It was shown in [17] that a NG continuous-time CM (including reciprocal) process can be represented in terms of a Wiener process and an uncorrelated NG vector. Following [17], [24]-[25] ob...

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“…Theorem 2.10. A ZMNG [x k ] is reciprocal iff it satisfies (5) along with (6) or (7), and 7). Also, for c = 0, [x k ] is Markov iff in addition to (8), we have G N,0 = 0.…”

Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Dynamic Models and Representations of Reciprocal and Other Classes

Rezaie¹,

Li²

2020

IEEE Trans. Signal Process.

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“…Just for simplicity we use the same notation. 8 Note that there is no density function for singular Gaussian sequences.…”

Section: Dynamic Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Singular/Nonsingular

Rezaie

2020

IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr.

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Most existing results about modeling and characterizing Gaussian Markov, reciprocal, and conditionally Markov (CM) processes assume nonsingularity of the processes. This assumption makes the analysis easier, but restricts application of these processes. This paper studies, models, and characterizes the general (singular/nonsingular) Gaussian CM (including reciprocal and Markov) sequence. For example, to our knowledge, there is no dynamic model for the general (singular/nonsingular) Gaussian reciprocal sequence in the literature. We obtain two such models from the CM viewpoint. As a result, the significance of studying reciprocal sequences from the CM viewpoint is demonstrated. The results of this paper unify singular and nonsingular Gaussian CM (including reciprocal and Markov) sequences and provide tools for their application. An application of CM sequences in trajectory modeling with a destination is discussed and illustrative examples are presented.

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“…[14] extended the results of [13] to the Gaussian case. The work of [15]- [16] for intent inference, e.g., in an intelligent interactive vehicle's display, can be interpreted in the reciprocal process setting. [17] studied the relationship between acausal systems and reciprocal processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Algebraically Equivalent Dynamic Models

Rezaie

2020

IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst.

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The conditionally Markov (CM) sequence contains different classes, including Markov, reciprocal, and so-called CML and CMF (two CM classes defined in our previous work). Markov sequences are special reciprocal sequences, and reciprocal sequences are special CML and CMF sequences. Each class has its own forward and backward dynamic models. The evolution of a CM sequence can be described by different models. For a given problem, a model in a specific form is desired or needed, or one model can be easier to apply and better than another. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between different models and to obtain one model from another. This paper studies this topic for models of nonsingular Gaussian (NG) CML, CMF , reciprocal, and Markov sequences. Two models are probabilistically equivalent (PE) if their stochastic sequences have the same distribution, and are algebraically equivalent (AE) if their stochastic sequences are path-wise identical. A unified approach is presented to obtain an AE forward/backward CML/CMF /reciprocal/Markov model from another such model. As a special case, a backward Markov model AE to a forward Markov model is obtained. While existing results are restricted to models with nonsingular state transition matrices, our approach is not. In addition, a simple approach is presented for studying and determining Markov models whose sequences share the same reciprocal/CML model.In theory, Gaussian CM processes were introduced in [22] based on mean and covariance functions.[23] extended the definition of Gaussian CM processes (presented in [22]) to the general (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) case. In [1], we defined other (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) CM processes, studied (stationary/non-stationary) NG CM sequences, obtained dynamic models and characterizations of CM L and CM F sequences, and discussed their applications. Reciprocal processes were introduced in [24].[25]-[27] studied reciprocal processes in a general setting. Based on a valuable observation, [23] commented on the relationship between Gaussian CM and Gaussian reciprocal processes.[28] elaborated on the comment of [23] and presented a relationship between the CM process and the reciprocal process for the general (Gaussian/non-Gaussian) case.[29]- [30] presented and studied a dynamic model of NG reciprocal sequences.[28] and [31]-[32] studied reciprocal sequences from the CM viewpoint and developed dynamic models, called reciprocal CM L and reciprocal CM F models, with white dynamic noise for the NG reciprocal sequence. A characterization of the NG Markov sequence was presented in [33].[34] considered modeling and estimation of finite-state reciprocal sequences.The evolution of a Markov sequence can be modeled by a Markov, reciprocal, or CM L model 2 . Similarly, a reciprocal sequence can have a model in the form of the one in [29] or in the form of a CM L (CM F ) model of [28]. Therefore, a CM sequence can have more than one model. One model can be easier to apply than another for an application. For example, the reciprocal CM L mo...

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Bayesian Intent Prediction in Object Tracking Using Bridging Distributions

Cited by 52 publications

References 32 publications

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Dynamic Models and Representations of Reciprocal and Other Classes

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Dynamic Models and Representations of Reciprocal and Other Classes

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Singular/Nonsingular

Gaussian Conditionally Markov Sequences: Algebraically Equivalent Dynamic Models

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