Batteries for electric road vehicles

Abstract

The dependence of modern society on the energy stored in a fossil fuel is not sustainable. An immediate challenge is to eliminate the polluting gases emitted from the roads of the world by replacing road vehicles powered by the internal combustion engine with those powered by rechargeable batteries. These batteries must be safe and competitive in cost, performance, driving range between charges, and convenience. The competitive performance of an electric car has been demonstrated, but the cost of fabrication, management to ensure safety, and a short cycle life have prevented large-scale penetration of the all-electric road vehicle into the market. Low-cost, safe all-solid-state cells from which dendrite-free alkali-metal anodes can be plated are now available; they have an operating temperature range from -20 °C to 80 °C and they permit the design of novel high-capacity, high-voltage cathodes providing fast charge/discharge rates. Scale-up to large multicell batteries is feasible.

Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles

“…It is usually achieved via nanocoating that can address the lack of stable solid-electrolyte interphases that are critical aspects for EV applications. [205][206][207] The current commercially available lithium metal oxide cathode only releases partial lithium, which is transferred to the anode at high voltage. The cell voltage is limited to 4.2 V. Above that, the electrolyte starts to be oxidized.…”

“…During such a long period, other chemistries were brought to the stage for potential next generation LIBs. [10,105,206,209] These technologies are so called beyond lithium-ion, and are likely to continue to be strongly based on innovations deriving from the conventional LIBs chemistry. [183,209,210] Li-S [20,49,211] and Li-O 2 [110,212] technologies represent this group using lithium metal as the anode material.…”

Achieving high volumetric EDLC carbons via hydrothermal carbonization and cyclic activation

“…The two key technologies in EES are energy devices (batteries) and power devices (supercapacitors) [5]. Numerous batteries have dominated the large-scale of stationary energy storage, grid stabilization, and hybrid electric vehicle applications, etc [6,7], which store energy in chemical bonds and deliver a much larger energy density than supercapacitors. However, they simultaneously undergo a slow power delivery/uptake and volume changes in electrodes causes their limited cycle life [8].…”

Structural Characterization of Oxyhalide Materials for Solid‐State Batteries

“…Thus, currently they cannot meet the growing demand for higher energy storage density, charging speed, and cost reduction; further improvements in their design and operation are needed. [ 3 ] In addition to Li‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries have also been rapidly developed recently, due to the fact that sodium is cheaper than lithium and widely available from the oceans. Based on the Nobel laureate Goodenough's idea, [ 1,2 ] the new type of glasses/amorphous solids is a potential candidate for preparing all solid‐state, safe, and rechargeable batteries with high ionic conductivity, energy density, and long duration thermal and chemical stability.…”