Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization. Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005

Lewis, Nate; Crabtree, G. W.; Nozik, A. J.; Wasielewski, Michael R.; Alivisatos, Paul; Kung, H.; Tsao, J. Y.; Chandler, Edward W.; Walukiewicz, W.; Spitler, Mark T.; Ellingson, Randy J.; Overend, R. P.; Mazer, Jeffrey A.; Gress, M.; Horwitz, Jim; Ashton, Christie; Herndon, B.; Shapard, L.; Nault, R. M.

doi:10.2172/899136

Cited by 225 publications

(153 citation statements)

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“…The solar energy received on earth's surface, capable of meeting mankind's current and future energy demands, [1][2][3][4] can be directly converted into electricity using photovoltaic cells. However, electricity is difficult and costly to store, and considerable losses are accrued when attempting to distribute it over long distances.…”

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confidence: 99%

Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Solar Fuel Generators under Concentrated Irradiation

Tembhurne

Haussener

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Concentrating solar irradiation for use in integrated photo-electrochemical devices potentially provides an economically competitive pathway for hydrogen generation, even with partial use of rare material components. Heat transfer and thermal management are crucial in devices operating under large irradiation concentrations. With dedicated thermal management, detailed 2-dimensional multiphysics modeling predicts high performance. Two competing operational parameter spaces are observed: i) thermal effects enhance performance in the zone of low operational current density, and ii) mass transport limits dominate in the zone of high operational current density (saturation current of the electrolyzer component). These competing effects lead to tradeoffs between device efficiency and hydrogen evolution rate, quantified using Pareto frontiers. Smart thermal management -only possible through integrated device design -helps in achieving efficient and low cost production of solar fuels, and can further alleviate degradation-related performance decreases over the lifetime of the device. For example, at an irradiation concentration of 707, a 12% degradation in STH efficiency of a Si-based device is compensated by a seven-fold increase in the water mass flow rate. Integrated photo-electrochemical device designs combined with smart thermal management prove to be a practical and economically feasible approach to solar fuel processing, and provide a pathway to circumvent limitations imposed by materials. The solar energy received on earth's surface, capable of meeting mankind's current and future energy demands, 1-4 can be directly converted into electricity using photovoltaic cells. However, electricity is difficult and costly to store, and considerable losses are accrued when attempting to distribute it over long distances. This problem can be circumvented by directly converting the photon energy into fuels. The simplest reaction considered is the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen can become a complementing energy carrier, and can be used as an energy-rich reagent for the exothermic formation of methane, methanol, or hydrocarbons using atmospheric CO 2 as a carbon feedstock. To realize this goal, practical means for sustainable hydrogen production are needed. Today more than 95% of global hydrogen production is based on steam reforming of fossil fuels.5 A promising sustainable approach to hydrogen production is solar driven, using integrated photo-electrochemical (IPEC) pathways. An IPEC device is defined as a device in which an area-matched photoabsorber and electrocatalyst are in direct contact. We propose an integrated photo-electrochemical device design, shown in Fig. 1. This device profits from the exclusion of direct semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces prone to interface degradation issues, and limits the transmission losses occurring in completely unintegrated, externally wired photovoltaic plus electroyzer systems. The design incorporates an electronic conductor for the transfer of charge carriers f...

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confidence: 99%

Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Solar Fuel Generators under Concentrated Irradiation

Tembhurne

Haussener

2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Moreover, such simulations also show the points in the I-V curve in which the PV system operates: (1) …”

Section: Numerical Results and Performance Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The world energy demand is projected to more than double by 2050, and more than triple by the end of the century [1]. Incremental improvements in existing energy networks will not be adequate to supply this demand in a sustainable way.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sliding-Mode Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Valencia

Ramos‐Paja

2015

Energies

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Abstract:The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of photovoltaic systems must be as fast and accurate as possible to increase the power production, which eventually increases the PV system profitability. This paper proposes and mathematically analyses a sliding-mode controller to provide a fast and accurate maximum power point tracking in grid-connected photovoltaic systems using a single control stage. This approach avoids the circular dependency in the design of classical cascade controllers used to optimize the photovoltaic system operation, and at the same time, it reduces the number of controllers and avoids the use of linearized models to provide global stability in all the operation range. Such a compact solution also reduces the system cost and implementation complexity. To ensure the stability of the proposed solution, detailed mathematical analyses are performed to demonstrate the fulfillment of the transversality, reachability and equivalent control conditions. Finally, the performance of the proposed solution is validated using detailed simulations, executed in the power electronics simulator PSIM, accounting for both environmental and load perturbations.

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“…[1][2] In creating such innovations, scientists are actively exploring new technologies to design and develop new materials for harvesting solar energy. Despite the extensive efforts devoted to accomplish this goal, utilizing solar energy efficiently and cost-competitively has yet to be realized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous–Hybrid Polymers as Platforms for Heterogeneous Photochemical Catalysis

Haikal

Wang

Hassan

et al. 2016

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Abstract.A number of permanently porous polymers containing Ru(bpy) n photosensitizer or a cobaloxime complex, as a protonreduction catalyst, were constructed via one-pot Sonogashira-Hagihara (SH) cross-coupling reactions. This process required minimal workup to access porous platforms with control over the apparent surface area, pore volume, and chemical functionality from suitable molecular building blocks (MBBs) containing the Ru or Co complexes, as rigid and multi-topic nodes. The cobaloxime molecular building block, generated through in situ metalation, afforded a microporous solid that demonstrated noticeable catalytic activity towards hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) with remarkable recyclability. We further demonstrated, in two cases, the ability to affect the excited state lifetime of the covalently-immobilized Ru(bpy) 3 complex attained through deliberate utilization of the organic linkers of variable dimensions. Overall, this approach facilitates construction of tunable porous solids, with hybrid composition and pronounced chemical and physical stability, based on the well-known Ru(bpy) n or the cobaloxime complexes.

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Basic Research Needs for Solar Energy Utilization. Report of the Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Solar Energy Utilization, April 18-21, 2005

Cited by 225 publications

References 0 publications

Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Solar Fuel Generators under Concentrated Irradiation

Integrated Photo-Electrochemical Solar Fuel Generators under Concentrated Irradiation

Sliding-Mode Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Porous–Hybrid Polymers as Platforms for Heterogeneous Photochemical Catalysis

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