Basic organization principles of the VOR: lessons from frogs

Straka, Hans; Dieringer, N.

doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.05.003

Cited by 133 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 334 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

212

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Fish have 3 pairs of otoliths: the sagittae, lapilli and asterisci. The saccular otoliths (sagittae) are generally thought to be involved in hearing and the utricular otoliths (lapilli) in vestibular function (Platt 1983, Riley & Moorman 2000, Straka & Dieringer 2004. Otoliths are approximately 3 times denser than the fish body, causing them to lag the movement of the underlying sensory epithelium during acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otolith size and the vestibulo-ocular reflex of larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis at high pCO2

Shen¹,

Chen²,

Schoppik³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We investigated vestibular function and otolith size (OS) in larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis exposed to high partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) The context for our study is the increasing concentration of CO 2 in seawater that is causing ocean acidification (OA). The utricular otoliths are aragonitic structures in the inner ear of fish that act to detect orientation and acceleration. Stimulation of the utricular otoliths during head movement results in a behavioral response called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The VOR is a compensatory eye rotation that serves to maintain a stable image during movement. VOR is characterized by gain (ratio of eye amplitude to head amplitude) and phase shift (temporal synchrony). We hypothesized that elevated pCO 2 would increase OS and affect the VOR. We found that the sagittae and lapilli of young larvae reared at 2500 µatm pCO 2 (treatment) were 14 to 20% and 37 to 39% larger in area, respectively, than those of larvae reared at 400 µatm pCO 2 (control). The mean gain of treatment larvae (0.39 ± 0.05, n = 28) was not statistically different from that of control larvae (0.30 ± 0.03, n = 20), although there was a tendency for treatment larvae to have a larger gain. Phase shift was unchanged. Our lack of detection of a significant effect of elevated pCO 2 on the VOR may be a result of the low turbulence conditions of the experiments, large natural variation in otolith size, calibration of the VOR or mechanism of acid−base regulation of white seabass larvae.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Otolith size and the vestibulo-ocular reflex of larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis at high pCO2

Shen¹,

Chen²,

Schoppik³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Processing of head movement-related signals in vestibulomotor networks occurs in parallel pathways that are organized as frequency-tuned channels from the sensory periphery to the motor plant (Lisberger et al, 1983;Minor et al, 1999;Goldberg, 2000;Straka and Dieringer, 2004). This parallel organization is necessary to transform sensory signals as diverse as static head deviation or high acceleration profiles that occur during rapid locomotion into dynamically adequate motor commands for gaze and posture control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This parallel organization is necessary to transform sensory signals as diverse as static head deviation or high acceleration profiles that occur during rapid locomotion into dynamically adequate motor commands for gaze and posture control. Hair cells in vestibular end organs and vestibular afferent fibers appear to be organized as subpopulations of dynamically different neuronal elements with interrelated morphophysiological properties for the detection and coding of head motion (Baird, 1994a,b;Eatock et al, 1998;Goldberg, 2000;Straka and Dieringer, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Dynamic Processing of Afferent Signals in Frog Tonic and Phasic Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

Pfanzelt¹,

Rössert²,

Rohregger³

et al. 2008

J. Neurosci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The sensory-motor transformation of the large dynamic spectrum of head-motion-related signals occurs in separate vestibulo-ocular pathways. Synaptic responses of tonic and phasic second-order vestibular neurons were recorded in isolated frog brains after stimulation of individual labyrinthine nerve branches with trains of single electrical pulses. The timing of the single pulses was adapted from spike discharge patterns of frog semicircular canal nerve afferents during sinusoidal head rotation. Because each electrical pulse evoked a single spike in afferent fibers, the resulting sequences with sinusoidally modulated intervals and peak frequencies up to 100 Hz allowed studying the processing of presynaptic afferent inputs with in vivo characteristics in second-order vestibular neurons recorded in vitro in an isolated whole brain. Variation of pulse-train parameters showed that the postsynaptic compound response dynamics differ in the two types of frog vestibular neurons. In tonic neurons, subthreshold compound responses and evoked discharge patterns exhibited relatively linear dynamics and were generally aligned with pulse frequency modulation. In contrast, compound responses of phasic neurons were asymmetric with large leads of subthreshold response peaks and evoked spike discharge relative to stimulus waveform. These nonlinearities were caused by the particular intrinsic properties of phasic vestibular neurons and were facilitated by GABAergic and glycinergic inhibitory inputs from tonic type vestibular interneurons and by cerebellar circuits. Coadapted intrinsic filter and emerging network properties thus form dynamically different neuronal elements that provide the appropriate cellular basis for a parallel processing of linear, tonic, and nonlinear phasic vestibulo-ocular response components in central vestibular neurons.

show abstract

“…The principle of regaining balanced activity within the vestibular system is encountered not only at the level of the VN, but also within the commissural inhibitory pathways connecting both MVN [17,[46][47][48]. Specifically, Bergquist and colleagues [24] demonstrated in rats that the GABA release in ipsilesional MVN neurons immediately after UVD was markedly increased.…”

Section: Re-organization Of Synaptic Pathways To the Mvnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Acute Vertigo

Tarnutzer

Palla

2013

Future Neurol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The vestibular system provides us with reflexive responses of eye movements and balance control, as well as with perceptual estimates of self-motion and gravity direction. Crucial to its proper functioning is a bilaterally balanced vestibular signal originating from the vestibular end organs in the inner ears and projecting via vestibular nerve afferents to the brainstem vestibular nuclei. Disturbances of the bilateral vestibular interplay become evident in cases of acute unilateral peripheral vestibular deafferentation. The resultant sudden imbalance of vestibular afferent tone at the level of the vestibular nuclei leads to pronounced ocular-motor and postural impairment, as well as to intensive vertigo and/or dizziness, accompanied by autonomic symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting. Subsequent compensatory mechanisms efficiently diminish these static symptoms (such as spontaneous nystagmus) within days and allow functional recovery of dynamic symptoms (such as blurred vision during fast head turns) to such a degree that most patients return to their normal daily activities within weeks. This article aims to provide an understanding about the pathophysiological changes after unilateral vestibular deafferentation and the current knowledge on the compensatory mechanisms. SummaryThe vestibular system provides us with reflexive responses of eye movement and

show abstract

Basic organization principles of the VOR: lessons from frogs

Cited by 133 publications

References 334 publications

Otolith size and the vestibulo-ocular reflex of larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis at high pCO2

Otolith size and the vestibulo-ocular reflex of larvae of white seabass Atractoscion nobilis at high pCO2

Differential Dynamic Processing of Afferent Signals in Frog Tonic and Phasic Second-Order Vestibular Neurons

Neurobiological Mechanisms of Acute Vertigo

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About