Barriers to Reporting Sexual Victimization: Prevalence and Correlates among Undergraduate Women

Understanding Disparities in Service Seeking Following Forcible Versus Drug- or Alcohol-Facilitated/Incapacitated Rape

“…In addition, DAFR/IR victims reported worse memory for the event, which could interfere with rape acknowledgment. Our findings also support prior research indicating that acknowledgment plays an important role in service-seeking behavior (Kilpatrick et al, 2007; Zinzow & Thompson, 2011). This suggests an opportunity for public health initiatives to target this problem by improving awareness of DAFR/IR as rape.…”

“…Similarly, only one in five rape victims seek rape-related medical services (Zinzow, Resnick, Barr, Danielson, & Kilpatrick, 2012). Rape victims may fail to seek post-assault services for several reasons including fear of reprisal (Kilpatrick, Resnick, Ruggiero, Conoscenti, & McCauley, 2007; Langton et al, 2012; Thompson, Sitterle, Clay, & Kingree, 2007; Wolitzky-Taylor et al, 2011), not wanting the assailant to go to jail (Jones, Alexander, Wynn, Rossman, & Dunnuck, 2009), not wanting family or others to know about the rape (Kilpatrick et al, 2007; Thompson et al, 2007; Wolitzky-Taylor et al, 2011; Zinzow & Thompson, 2011), shame or embarrassment (Logan, Evans, Stevenson, & Jordan, 2005; Thompson et al, 2007), lack of access to or knowledge regarding available medical and mental health services (Logan et al, 2005), failure to acknowledge the incident as a rape (Cohn, Zinzow, Resnick, & Kilpatrick, 2013; Kilpatrick et al, 2007), and fear of not being believed, being blamed, or otherwise treated poorly by police, lawyers, or medical providers (Campbell, Wasco, Ahrens, Sefl, & Barnes, 2001; Cohn et al, 2013; Jones et al, 2009; Sable, Danis, Mauzy, & Gallagher, 2006; Thompson et al, 2007). …”

Sexual violence in the college population: a systematic review of disclosure and campus resources and services

“…Participant ages ranged between 18 (Hayes‐Smith & Levett , Garcia et al . )–52 years (Tsui & Santamaria ), with mean and/or median age of students ranging from 18·5 (Zinzow & Thompson )–23·5 years (Tsui & Santamaria ).…”

Institutional betrayal.

“…This type of societal conversation also leads to stereotypes about who is a believable victim of domestic violence-typically a poor, disadvantaged, minority, heterosexual (Platt et al, 2009); who is a sympathetic sexual harassment victim-a submissive (but not too submissive) woman (Wiener et al, 2010); who is a valid sexually abused youth-a preadolescent female (Parent & Bannon, 2012); and even who is a likely perpetrator-an evil, recognizable predator (Sullivan & Beech, 2002). As most individuals' experiences do not neatly fit these stereotypes, they are faced with added resistance in reporting or even recognizing their abuse (Zinzow & Thompson, 2011).…”