“…While the banking sector in Egypt is considered as relatively mature (Chironga et al, 2018), it is still less grounded and stable as the Norwegian banking sector. Also, other studies about bank opacity tend to use other measures of opacity such as Analyst Forecast Error (Flannery et al, 2004;Fosu et al, 2017;Mies, 2022), Loan Loss Provision (Tran et al, 2022;Dang & Huynh, 2023), and the size of off-balance sheet items, relative to the on-balance sheet total assets (Cao &Juelsrud, 2022). Additionally, the majority of studies that used different measures of bank opacity are also performed in US or cross countries studies.…”