Bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus

Masoud, Ghada; Abbass, Aleya Abdel Gawad; Abaza, A; Hazzah, Walaa

doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5427-8

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, the results from the swimming pools in Kampala indicate absolutely very high microbial contamination with heterotrophic bacteria. Our results concur with finding elsewhere in developing countries, where total plate counts exceeded the WHO limit (>5 × 10 2 cfu/ml) [4,5,42]. The results of this study asserted that a high number of swimming pools in Kampala City did not conform to internationally and nationally acceptable standards, as is in most other developing countries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The microbial safety of swimming pool water is highly questionable in countries with poor regulatory framework due to the many existing possible microbial contaminant pathways. Microbial contamination of swimming pools can occur through (a) faecal contaminated source water or direct defecation from swimmers, birds, and animals [4][5][6][7], (b) nonfaecal human shedding from vomiting, sneezing, mucous, spitting, or skin, (c) poor wastewater disposal [8], (d) microbial biofilm formation along piped water networks [9,10], (e) contaminated air, dust, soil, or rainwater [11,12], and (f) individuals with contagious diseases or infectious pathogens [4,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of Bacterial Quality of Water in Randomly Selected Swimming Pools in Kampala City, Uganda

Ekopai

Musisi

Onyuth

et al. 2017

New Journal of Science

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Swimming pools have become major recreation facilities for leisure and sports in cities across the world, but the standard guidelines, particularly in developing countries, are not adhered to because little is known about the contaminants in the pools and the possible health risks involved. This study provides a survey of bacterial quality of water from swimming pools in Kampala. A total of 26 water samples were collected from 13 outdoor swimming pools in Kampala between January and June 2016 and analysed for total aerobic plate count (TPC), Escherichia coli, coliforms, and Salmonella. The heterotrophic bacterial load ranged between 0 and 6.35 × 10 5 cfu/ml, where 6.35 × 10 5 cfu/ml was the highest load and 3 × 10 1 cfu/ml the least. The highest average TPC was 6.19 × 10 5 cfu/ml and the lowest 5.07 × 10 3 cfu/ml. 30.8% of the pools had TPC within acceptable limits (≤5 × 10 2 cfu/ml), whereas 69.2% were highly contaminated and did not conform to the Uganda National Water and Sewerage Corporation standards of recreational water quality for both treated (0 cfu/100 mls) water and untreated (10 cfu/100 mls) water. Although no positive results were yielded for E. coli, coliforms, and Salmonella, TPC represented the presence of heterotrophic bacteria which are often indicated in opportunistic infections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Bacterial Quality of Water in Randomly Selected Swimming Pools in Kampala City, Uganda

Ekopai

Musisi

Onyuth

et al. 2017

New Journal of Science

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“…Most of the swimming pool water samples (92.3%) did not meet Egyptian bacteriological criteria. This conclusion is comparable with those of other studies in Alexandria, where 92.2-94.4 percent of water samples were bacteriologically unacceptable [3]. In Ghana, Amman, and Palestine, all water tests didn't meet bacteriological requirements [33][34][35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, swimming pools can also expose swimmers to several physical, chemical, and microbiological risks [2]. Poor management of swimming pools poses a high risk of microbial infections due to fecal and non-fecal sources [3]. Fecal contamination of the water is the main microbiological risk of bathing in recreational water which may be due to accidental release of remnants of fecal matter that could remain on skin of children, old and immune-compromised people especially after improper post-defecation cleansing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental health aspects and microbial infections of the recreational water

et al. 2023

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Background Swimming pools are places for practicing sports, recreation, relaxation, and socialization. However, swimming pools can expose swimmers to physicochemical and microbiological risks. Accordingly, we studied the environmental health aspects and microbial infections for such recreational water aiming to disclose the possible risks they pose on swimmers. Methods 26 pools in Alexandria, Egypt were checked for water quality; 13 pools were checked in winter then summer, and other 13 pools were checked in summer only. Water was collected from both the top and the bottom of each pool; a total of 78 samples were collected in sterile containers. Each sample was divided into three parts; the first part was used for assessing the bacteriological quality of water. They were tested for total colony count (TCC), total coliform (TC), fecal coliform, and E. coli. The second part was used for chemical analysis. The third part was checked for parasitological study. Results Obtained data showed that only 7.7%, 78.2%, and 100% of the examined water samples have been found to fulfill the Egyptian standards for TCC, TC, and E. coli, respectively. Moreover, parasitic infection (PI) was noticed in 73.1% of the collected water samples; mainly Cyclospra and Isospora (37.2% each), followed by Cryptosporidium spp., Giradia lamblia, Microsporidia spp., and Blastocystis spp. (34.6%, 21.8%, 15.4%, and 14.1%, respectively). Acanthameba spp. was detected but at a lower rate (5.1%). The frequency of cleaning the swimming pools, flow rate, Cl2, and total dissolved solids are significantly affected PI, independently. Conclusion The tested water samples don’t meet Egyptian bacteriological criteria. High parasitic contamination despite high residual chlorine level mainly intestinal coccidia, G. lamblia, microsporidia, and Blastocystis spp. Thus, monitoring pool’s water quality and improving the disinfection system are mandatory. Consequently, Health education regarding hygienic behaviors before and during swimming should be included in governmental programs.

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“…Due to the possibility of rapid spreading of diseases in the pool water environment, the decisive role in the assessment of its quality is played by the results of microbiological tests and the evaluation of the sanitary state of the facility (Masoud et al 2016;Aboulfotoh Hashish et al 2017;Wei et al 2018).…”

Section: Microbial Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

Wyczarska-Kokot

Lempart

Dudziak

et al. 2020

Environ Monit Assess

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Recommendations regarding disinfection by-products (DBPs) in pool waters consider the content of trihalomethanes (THMs) and combined chlorine (CC) as indicators of DBPs based on which the health risk for swimmers and staff of pool facility can be determined. However, the content of DBPs in swimming pools depends on many factors. In this paper, the influence of selected factors (physicochemical parameters of water and technological parameters) on the content of THMs and CC in pool water was determined. During the 6-month period, 9 pools of various functions were analyzed. The water in pools was subjected to the same method of treatment. The content of THMs and CC was compared against the content of organic matter, free chlorine and nitrates, pH, temperature, redox potential and turbidity, technological, and operational parameters. The THM content did not exceed the limit value of 0.1 mg/L. The content of CC varied significantly, from 0.05 to 1.13 mg Cl2/L. It was found that a very large water volume per person, in comparison to a very small one, contributed to the low content of CC and THMs. The high load expressed as m3 of water per person or m2 of water per person and the specific function of hot tubs (HT1 and HT2) led to the average concentration of CC in these pools exceeding 0.3 mg Cl2/L. The THM concentrations in hot tubs (especially in HT1) were also among the largest (0.038–0.058 mg/L). In terms of the analyzed microbiological indicators, the quality of the tested pool water samples was not in doubt. It was found that the purpose of the pool, its volume, and number of swimmers should be the key parameters that determine the choice of methods of water treatment. The research on the pool water quality in the actual working conditions of swimming pool facilities is necessary due to the need to preserve the health safety of swimmers and staff.

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Bacteriological quality of some swimming pools in Alexandria with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Determination of Bacterial Quality of Water in Randomly Selected Swimming Pools in Kampala City, Uganda

Determination of Bacterial Quality of Water in Randomly Selected Swimming Pools in Kampala City, Uganda

Environmental health aspects and microbial infections of the recreational water

Impact of swimming pool water treatment system factors on the content of selected disinfection by-products

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