Bacterial vaginosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection

Spear, Gregory T.; John, Elizabeth St.; Zariffard, M. Reza

doi:10.1186/1742-6405-4-25

Cited by 59 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In BV, however, increased numbers of bacteria, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp, Mobiluncus spp, Prevotella spp and Mycoplasma hominis, replace them [1]. The reported prevalence of BV in pregnant women ranges from 14% to 21% in Western countries [2][3][4], and a prevalence rate of 40.8% was reported in a non-pregnant population in southern Nigeria [5]. A case study done in Ghana showed a low prevalence of 1.4% among antenatal women [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurement of HIV in genital secretions indicates that HIV infectiousness and susceptibility may be greater in the presence of concurrent reproductive tract infections [8,9]. Also significant is the sharp decline in the concentration of HIV in genital secretions when the infection is treated [1,2,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A prospective study in Kenya also showed that the presence of BV and the absence of lactobacilli or absence of hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli upon examination, were all significantly associated with acquisition of HIV infection at follow-up [1,2]. Studies of the impact of BV on HIV infections showed varying degrees of increased risk of infection [2]. Some investigators calculate that in a population where the baseline risk of seroconversion is 2%, one additional case of HIV infection would occur for every 80 to 90 cases of vaginosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A case study done in Ghana showed a low prevalence of 1.4% among antenatal women [4]. An estimated 25% to 30% of women have BV at any time, mostly without signs such as fishy odor or discharge [1,4], and this rises to 85% in prostitute populations [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizations of Bacterial Vaginosis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Pregnant Women

Adelaiye¹,

Shittu²,

Olayinka³

2015

Int J Biomed

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Objective: The aim of this study was to find the characteristics of bacterial vaginosis (BV) among HIV-infected and HIVnegative pregnant women at ABUTH, Zaria.Study design: Case control and laboratory-based design, conducted from August 2, 2011, to December 30, 2011. BV was defined using Amsel's criteria, which uses 3 out of 4 diagnostic criteria to diagnose BV.Results: Two hundred HIV-positive and 200-HIV negative women were included in the study. The mean age was 26.3 years with a range from 17 to 41 years. The prevalence rate of BV irrespective of HIV status was 33.2%. In HIV-positive pregnant women, the prevalence was 46.0%; in HIV-negative pregnant women, the prevalence was 20.5% (OR=3.30; 95% CI: 2.1-5.1, P<0.05). Hence, HIV-positive pregnant women were significantly more likely to have BV. BV was most prevalent in the age group of 30 to 34 years, with 49% positive, and in those with parity between 1 and 4, with a prevalence of 41.5%. It is least common in primigravidae with 19%. Prevalence among HIV-positive pregnant women whose CD4 > 350cells/mm 3 was 22%, and for those whose CD4 was < 350 cells/mm 3 prevalence was 67% (OR=7.05; 95% CI: 3.7-13.3, P<0.05). Conclusion: BV is more prevalent among HIV-positive pregnant women than their HIV-negative counterparts, and its occurrence is higher among those with the lower CD4 count; therefore, reducing the prevalence of HIV among pregnant women and improving the CD4 count among HIV-positive pregnant women would reduce the prevalence of BV and its consequences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterizations of Bacterial Vaginosis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Pregnant Women

Adelaiye¹,

Shittu²,

Olayinka³

2015

Int J Biomed

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“…Females with bacterial vaginosis are at higher risk of preterm delivery, pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility (5-7). Several epidemiological studies have shown that bacterial vaginosis is related to the increase in susceptibility to infection of human immunodeficiency virus (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

Shahinfar¹,

Nemanpour²

2016

Women Health Bull

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Background: Vaginitis is a common medical problem in females. Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomoniasis are the main etiologies of infectious vaginitis. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the relationship between contraceptive methods and common vaginal infections. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 250 females were evaluated from December 2012 to February 2013. The researcher-made questionnaire included questions about individual characteristics and contraceptive methods. The participants underwent a gynecological exam. Specimens were collected from posterior fornix of the subjects and polymerase chain reaction assay was done to diagnose vaginitis. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 17) and also descriptive and analytical statistics (chi-square, t test and fisher's exact test). P values of < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: On the basis of the findings, 43.6% of females suffered from vaginitis. Overall, 65.56% of participants used contraceptive methods. Condom use was the most prevalent method of contraception. A significant relationship was found between suffering from different types of common vaginal infections and using contraceptive methods (P = 0.017). The percentage of females with candidiasis amongst hormonal contraceptive users, and the percentage of individuals amongst non-hormonal contraceptive users were higher than the others. Conclusions: Contraceptives can increase the risk of vaginitis. Hence, health care providers should consider the probability of vaginitis in addition to the indications and contraindications of contraceptive methods and should guide couples in taking a step forward for improving their sexual and reproductive health.

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The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women

et al. 2019

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Introduction Young women in sub‐Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 25% of all new infections in 2017. Several behavioural and biological factors are known to impact a young woman's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. One key, but lesser understood, biological factor impacting vulnerability is the vaginal microbiome. This review describes the vaginal microbiome and examines its alterations, its influence on HIV acquisition as well as the efficacy of HIV prevention technologies, the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV acquisition, advances in technologies to study the microbiome and some future research directions. Discussion Although the composition of each woman's vaginal microbiome is unique, a microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus species is generally associated with a “healthy” vagina. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota, characterized by a shift from a low‐diversity, Lactobacillus ‐dominant state to a high‐diversity non‐ Lactobacillus ‐dominant state, have been shown to be associated with a range of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including increasing the risk of genital inflammation and HIV acquisition. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia have been shown to contribute to both HIV risk and genital inflammation. In addition to impacting HIV risk, the composition of the vaginal microbiome affects the vaginal concentrations of some antiretroviral drugs, particularly those administered intravaginally, and thereby their efficacy as pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Although the role of rectal microbiota in HIV acquisition in women is less well understood, the composition of this compartment's microbiome, particularly the presence of species of bacteria from the Prevotellaceae family likely contribute to HIV acquisition. Advances in technologies have facilitated the study of the genital microbiome's structure and function. While next‐generation sequencing advanced knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the vaginal microbiome, the emerging field of metaproteomics, which provides important information on vaginal bacterial community structure, diversity and function, is further shedding light on functionality of the vaginal microbiome and its relationship with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as antiretroviral PrEP efficacy. Conclusions A better understanding of the composition, structure and function of the microbiome is needed to identify opportunities to alter the vaginal microbiome and prevent BV and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.

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Bacterial vaginosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection

Cited by 59 publications

References 45 publications

Characterizations of Bacterial Vaginosis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Pregnant Women

Characterizations of Bacterial Vaginosis among HIV-positive and HIV-negative Pregnant Women

The Relationship Between Contraceptive Methods and Common Vaginal Infections

The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women

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