Bacterial spores, from ecology to biotechnology

Paul, Christophe; Filippidou, Sevasti; Jamil, Isha; Kooli, Wafa M.; House, Geoffrey L.; Estoppey, Aislinn; Hayoz, Mathilda; Junier, Thomas; Palmieri, Fabio; Wunderlin, Tina; Lehmann, Anaël; Bindschedler, Saskia; Vennemann, Torsten; Chain, Patrick; Junier, Pilar

doi:10.1016/bs.aambs.2018.10.002

Cited by 33 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…The lower Ruminococcus avefaciens in diarrheal yaks may decrease the cellulose e ciency. Previously lower Ruminococcaceae bacterium was found in hospitalized patients, Cirrhosis [52], and diarrhea foals [62]. The deceased of this bacterium may insight that Ruminococcaceae bacterium has relationship with diarrhea in yaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Modulation on Potentially Diarrhea Causing Pathogens in Yaks Through Metagenomics Sequencing

Li¹,

Zeng²,

Liu³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Yaks are of great importance on the plateau; however, an emerging endemic diarrheal disease during the last few years is posing a great threat to the health of these animals. Yaks have special gut microbiotal community and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are not only the principle nutrient substrates of intestinal epithelial cells but can also regulate the epithelial barrier. Until now, metagenomics sequencing has not been reported in diarrheal yaks. A scarce information is available regarding the levels of fecal SCFAs and diarrhea in yaks. The purpose of our study was to identify the potential pathogens that cause the emerging diarrhea and also to explore the potential relationship of short-chain fatty acids in this issue. We estimated diarrhea rate in yaks after collecting the equal number of fecal samples from affected animals. Metagenomics sequencing and quantitative analysis of SCFAs were performed which revealed 15-25% and 5-10% prevalence in diarrheal yak’s calves and adults yaks respectively. Significant difference was observed in GC contents (44.69%~46.08% vs 46.12%~46.38%) under two reference groups (p<0.05). Violin box plot also showed the higher degree of dispersion in gene abundance distribution of diarrhea yaks, while genes of normal yaks were relatively gathered. We found 366163 significant differential abundance genes in diarrheal yaks, with 141305 up-regulated and 224858 down-regulated genes as compared with normal yaks via DESeq analysis. Metagenomic binning analysis indicated the higher significant of bin 33 (Bacteroidales) (p<0.05) in diarrheal animals, while bin 10 (p<0.0001), bin 30 (Clostridiales) (p<0.05), bin 51 (Lactobacillales) (p<0.05), bin 8 (Lachnospiraceae) (p<0.05) and bin 47 (Bacteria) (p<0.05) were obviously higher in normal animals. At different levels, an obviously difference in Phylum, Class, Oder, Family, Genus and Species was noticed as 4, 8, 8, 16, 17 and 30 respectively. Compared with healthy yaks, Acetic acid (p<0.01), Propionic acid (p<0.01), Butyric acid (p<0.01), Isobutyric acid, Isovaleric acid (p<0.05) and Caproic acid (p<0.01) were all observed obviously at lower rate in diarrheal yaks. In conclusion, besides the increased pathogens level of Staphylococcus aureus, Babesia ovata, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bacteroides fluxus, viruses, Klebsiella pneumonia, and inflammation-related bacteria; the decreased of SCFAs caused by the imbalance of intestinal microbiota may potentially leads to emergence of diarrhea in yaks.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Higher abundance of Bacteroides uxus means, this bacterium acting as potential role in diarrhea. Firmicutes bacterium was reported to be associated with lipogenesis metabolism in animals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease [52]. The increased Firmicutes bacterium (CAG:424) in diarrhea yaks may cause dyslipidemia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Modulation on Potentially Diarrhea Causing Pathogens in Yaks Through Metagenomics Sequencing

Li¹,

Zeng²,

Liu³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Spores are able to survive the harsh conditions of the death phase and become growing bacteria when placed in an environment that supports life (Nina et al, 2017). This was not the same for the fungi population in the MFCs of the three pig dung samples after current and voltage generation, there was an increase in fungi population in the Apatapiti MFC, this can be attributed to the ability of spores to survive longer in harsh condition according to Nina et al (2017), no growth was recorded in FUTA MFCs, and there was neither increase nor decrease in the Air Force MFCs compared to the initial fungal load from the pig dung (Paul et al, 2019).…”

Section: Voltage Generated From Air Force Pig Dungmentioning

confidence: 84%

Evaluation of Pig Dung for Electricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cell

Victoria¹,

Mercy²

2020

JETP

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Pig dung was evaluated for electric current and voltage generation using microbial fuel cell (MFC). Pig dung was collected from three different animal farms; FUTA, Air Force and Apatapiti Extension. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from pig dung was carried out before and after electric current and voltage generation using conventional techniques. Physicochemical composition were determined using standard methods. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) chambers were fabricated. The circuit was completed with electrodes and flexible wires for electron transfer from the anode to the cathode. Pig dung was used as the anolyte while water was used in the cathode as the electron acceptor. Current and voltage were measured in the morning, afternoon and evening for 40 days using the digital multimeter. The result revealed sixteen microorganisms: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Shigella sp, Citrobacter gillenii, Klebsiella singaporensis, Paenibacillus septentrionalis, Bacillus circulans, Salmonella spp, Enterobacter asburiae, Yersinia intermedia, Yersinia enterocolitica, Fusarium sp, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus funmigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium chrysogenum. The highest bacterial and fungal population; 2.71 x 10 5 cfu/g and 1.47 x 10 4 sfu/g were observed from Air Force and FUTA pig dung respectively before current and voltage generation. The highest bacterial and fungal population; 1.35 x 10 5 cfu/g and 1.60 x 10 4 sfu/g were observed from Apatapiti Extension and FUTA pig dung respectively after current and voltage generation. The highest current and voltage; 0.319 ± 0.00 mA and 572.333 ± 3.84 mV were generated from Apatapiti Extension and Air-Force pig dung. Sterilized pig dung (control) generated a low voltage and current affirms the important role of microorganisms in voltage and current generation. In conclusion, pig dung can be used to generate electrical current and voltage owing to microbial activities present in the pig dung. A nuisance causing waste such as pig dung can serve as a renewable source of energy for electricity generation, this will simultaneously help to resolve the problems of environmental toxics that oozes from its disposal and ultimately serve as a way of mitigating global warming in the world.

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“…Spores could remain viable in the Venusian atmosphere lower haze layer for long periods, based on analogy with Earth life. On Earth, some bacterial spores can survive in extremely harsh conditions for many thousands of years (Nicholson et al, 2000;Paul et al, 2019). The generation times of some subseafloor sediment bacteria has been estimated to be thousands of centuries (Parkes et al, 2000).…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere

et al. 2021

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We revisit the hypothesis that there is life in the Venusian clouds to propose a life cycle that resolves the conundrum of how life can persist aloft for hundreds of millions to billions of years. Most discussions of an aerial biosphere in the Venus atmosphere temperate layers never address whether the life-small microbial-type particles-is free floating or confined to the liquid environment inside cloud droplets. We argue that life must reside inside liquid droplets such that it will be protected from a fatal net loss of liquid to the atmosphere, an unavoidable problem for any free-floating microbial life forms. However, the droplet habitat poses a lifetime limitation: Droplets inexorably grow (over a few months) to large enough sizes that are forced by gravity to settle downward to hotter, uninhabitable layers of the Venusian atmosphere. (Droplet fragmentation-which would reduce particle size-does not occur in Venusian atmosphere conditions.) We propose for the first time that the only way life can survive indefinitely is with a life cycle that involves microbial life drying out as liquid droplets evaporate during settling, with the small desiccated ''spores'' halting at, and partially populating, the Venus atmosphere stagnant lower haze layer (33-48 km altitude). We, thus, call the Venusian lower haze layer a ''depot'' for desiccated microbial life. The spores eventually return to the cloud layer by upward diffusion caused by mixing induced by gravity waves, act as cloud condensation nuclei, and rehydrate for a continued life cycle. We also review the challenges for life in the extremely harsh conditions of the Venusian atmosphere, refuting the notion that the ''habitable'' cloud layer has an analogy in any terrestrial environment.

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Bacterial spores, from ecology to biotechnology

Cited by 33 publications

References 128 publications

Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Modulation on Potentially Diarrhea Causing Pathogens in Yaks Through Metagenomics Sequencing

Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) Modulation on Potentially Diarrhea Causing Pathogens in Yaks Through Metagenomics Sequencing

Evaluation of Pig Dung for Electricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cell

The Venusian Lower Atmosphere Haze as a Depot for Desiccated Microbial Life: A Proposed Life Cycle for Persistence of the Venusian Aerial Biosphere

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