Bacterial disease management: challenges, experience, innovation and future prospects

Abstract

Plant diseases caused by bacterial pathogens place major constraints on crop production and cause significant annual losses on a global scale. The attainment of consistent effective management of these diseases can be extremely difficult, and management potential is often affected by grower reliance on highly disease-susceptible cultivars because of consumer preferences, and by environmental conditions favouring pathogen development. New and emerging bacterial disease problems (e.g. zebra chip of potato) and established problems in new geographical regions (e.g. bacterial canker of kiwifruit in New Zealand) grab the headlines, but the list of bacterial disease problems with few effective management options is long. The ever-increasing global human population requires the continued stable production of a safe food supply with greater yields because of the shrinking areas of arable land. One major facet in the maintenance of the sustainability of crop production systems with predictable yields involves the identification and deployment of sustainable disease management solutions for bacterial diseases. In addition, the identification of novel management tactics has also come to the fore because of the increasing evolution of resistance to existing bactericides. A number of central research foci, involving basic research to identify critical pathogen targets for control, novel methodologies and methods of delivery, are emerging that will provide a strong basis for bacterial disease management into the future. Near-term solutions are desperately needed. Are there replacement materials for existing bactericides that can provide effective disease management under field conditions? Experience should inform the future. With prior knowledge of bactericide resistance issues evolving in pathogens, how will this affect the deployment of newer compounds and biological controls? Knowledge is critical. A comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathosystems is required to not only identify optimal targets in the pathogens, but also optimal seasonal timings for deployment. Host resistance to effectors must be exploited, carefully and correctly. Are there other candidate genes that could be targeted in transgenic approaches? How can new technologies (CRISPR, TALEN, etc.) be most effectively used to add sustainable disease resistance to existing commercially desirable plant cultivars? We need an insider's perspective on the management of systemic pathogens. In addition to host resistance or reduced sensitivity, are there other methods that can be used to target these pathogen groups? Biological systems are variable. Can biological control strategies be improved for bacterial disease management and be made more predictable in function? The answers to the research foci outlined above are not all available, as will become apparent in this article, but we are heading in the right direction. In this article, we summarize the contributions from past experiences in bacterial disease management, and also describe how advances in bacterial...

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using tomato leaf extract and their entrapment in chitosan nanoparticles to control bacterial wilt

“…Control practices for the management of bacterial diseases are very limited and there is an urgent need to develop truly effective solutions to this problem. Traditionally, the most common strategies to control bacterial diseases are crop resistance obtained either by conventional breeding programs or genetically‐modified varieties, crop rotation, water management, planting clean materials (seeds or plant parts) and chemical sprays using copper compounds . However, the threat posed by antibiotic resistance led to the ban of this class of antimicrobial compounds for managing bacterial diseases in plants, with the other approaches being only partially effective .…”

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“…El control biológico puede definirse como una reducción de la cantidad de inóculo o enfermedad producida por la actividad de un patógeno, basada en el uso de enemigos naturales o el uso de compuestos derivados de su metabolismo (Soria et al, 2012;Harding & Raizada, 2015;Sundin et al, 2016). Ofrece una alternativa a los productos químicos, contribuyendo a minimizar las consecuencias negativas para la salud humana y el medio ambiente (O'Brien, 2017).…”

“…Biological control can be defined as a reduction in the amount of inoculum or disease produced by the activity of a pathogen, based on the use of natural enemies or use of compounds derived from its metabolism (Soria et al, 2012;Harding & Raizada, 2015;Sundin et al, 2016). It offers an alternative to chemical products, helping to minimize the negative consequences for human health and environment (O'Brien, 2017).…”

Modern methods of control of pathogens of bacterial diseases of grain and vegetable crops of the species Pseudomonas syringae

“…Áàêòåð³àëüí³ õâîðîáè ðîñëèí ñòâîðþþòü ñåðéîçí³ ïðîáëåìè äëÿ îòðèìàííÿ ïðîäóêö³¿ ðîñëèííèöòâà ³ ïðèçâîäÿòü äî çíà÷íèõ ùîð³÷íèõ âòðàò ó ãëîáàëüíîìó ìàñøòàá³ [1]. Çðîñòàííÿ ê³ëüêîñ-ò³ áàêòåð³àëüíèõ õâîðîá ó âñüîìó ñâ³ò³ ìຠð³çí³ ïðè÷èíè (çì³íè êë³ìàòó, íàñë³äêè ãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ëþäèíè) ³ ¿õíº ðîçó-ì³ííÿ º êðèòè÷íî âàaeëèâèì äëÿ ðîçðîáëåííÿ åôåêòèâíèõ ñòðàòåã³é êîíòðîëþ ô³òîïàòîãåííèõ áàêòå-ð³é [1].…”

“…Áàêòåð³àëüí³ õâîðîáè ðîñëèí ñòâîðþþòü ñåðéîçí³ ïðîáëåìè äëÿ îòðèìàííÿ ïðîäóêö³¿ ðîñëèííèöòâà ³ ïðèçâîäÿòü äî çíà÷íèõ ùîð³÷íèõ âòðàò ó ãëîáàëüíîìó ìàñøòàá³ [1]. Çðîñòàííÿ ê³ëüêîñ-ò³ áàêòåð³àëüíèõ õâîðîá ó âñüîìó ñâ³ò³ ìຠð³çí³ ïðè÷èíè (çì³íè êë³ìàòó, íàñë³äêè ãîñïîäàðñüêî¿ ä³ÿëüíîñò³ ëþäèíè) ³ ¿õíº ðîçó-ì³ííÿ º êðèòè÷íî âàaeëèâèì äëÿ ðîçðîáëåííÿ åôåêòèâíèõ ñòðàòåã³é êîíòðîëþ ô³òîïàòîãåííèõ áàêòå-ð³é [1]. Âðàõîâóþ÷è çá³ëüøåííÿ â îñòàíí³ ðîêè ê³ëüêîñò³ áàêòåð³àëüíèõ õâîðîá ñ³ëüñüêîãîñïîäàðñüêèõ êóëüòóð ³, çîêðåìà, çåðíîâèõ òà îâî÷åâèõ êóëüòóð, ïîøóê ïåðñïåêòèâíèõ ìåòîä³â êîíòðîëþ ô³òîïàòîãåííèõ áàêòåð³é ïðåäñòàâëÿº ôóíäàìåíòàëüíèé òà ïðàêòè÷íèé ³íòåðåñ.…”