Bacterial Contaminants of Nigerian Currency Notes and Associated Risk Factors

Adamu, JY; Yusuf, Jairus; Agbo, Ameh James

doi:10.3923/rjmsci.2012.1.6

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In comparison to many other studies, Yazah et al [16] and Catãno et al [19] obtained Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria in their work from currency notes and computer keyboards, curtains, cell phones, white coats, and ties, respectively. Such regarding results were typical to our results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Different Public Environmental Sites in Mecca City

Ashgar¹,

El-Said²

2012

OJMM

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Background: The hygiene of environmental surfaces from shopping, ATM machines, telephones and computers and miscellaneous sites play role in spreading fecal and total coliform bacteria as well as pathogenic bacteria. Objectives: This study addresses the contaminated common sites by pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria in Mecca, SA. Materials and Methods: A total 648 swab samples were collected and analyzed for presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria. Results: Of the total samples 422 were negative bacterial count (71%) and 226 (29%) were positive. All collected samples (100%) of glass windows in the fish markets were bacterial counted; most dominated was Bacillus spp. (n = 97) and the highest population of species was Enterococcus faecalis (n = 40) and E. coli (n = 16). Conclusion: Some public sites were very contaminated with different types of fecal coliform group of bacteria such as shopping cart handles, inner surfaces and child seats in supermarkets, and the glass windows in the fish market. Acinetobacter haemolyticus and other hemolytic bacteria were isolated from more than site.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…investigators have been studied solid surface bacterial infection in computer keyboard [13], mobile phones [14], computer keyboards and mice, elevator buttons and shopping carts [15] and currency notes [16]. They were not collected such huge samples number as in our case (648 samples).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Different Public Environmental Sites in Mecca City

Ashgar¹,

El-Said²

2012

OJMM

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“…Some of these include, Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., Escherichia coli and Proteus sp. (Yazah et al, 2012;Mbata et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of multidrug resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> with specific naira denominations

Otokunefor,

Akiode,,

Ademola-Fagbure

et al. 2023

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Currency serves as a global tool for commerce but is notorious for its association with potentially pathogenic bacteria. This has been further complicated by the growing evolution and emergence of drug resistance among bacteria, with various currencies associated with multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. This could be a silent factor in the current scourge of multidrug resistance. This study therefore set out to explore the presence of multidrug resistance Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in specific denominations of Naira, the Nigerian currency in Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 50 naira notes comprised of two commonly used denominations (₦50 and ₦100) made up of two different materials (polymer and paper) were analyzed for microbial load, presence of key bacteria and drug resistance using standard tests. Results of the study revealed high bacterial loads with Log10 values ranging from 4.52 to 5.39 for the ₦100 notes and 4.52 to 5.31 for ₦50 notes. Samples had a higher occurrence of S. aureus (26) than E. coli (8). These isolates were associated with very high rates of resistance though the Gram-positive organisms were more resistant. Both S. aureus and E. coli had high rates of MDR (96.2% and 100% respectively). This study reveals an association of the Nigerian currency, Naira, with a variety of drug resistant bacteria and high levels of multidrug resistance in key pathogens and primarily underscores the need for continuous hand washing as the first key step in disease prevention.

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“…Several other studies have also reported high levels of bacterial contamination in commonly circulated currency notes [12][13][14][15][16][17]. In sub-Saharan Africa, few studies have reported microbial contamination of currency notes, such as the Nigerian Naira [18,19,20,21], the South African Rand [22], and the Ghanaian Cedi [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Profiles of Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Nigerian Currency Notes

Mofolorunsho,

Obaje,

Aminu

et al. 2023

PAJOLS

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Background: Currency notes are exchangeable fomites handled by many persons daily and can potentially carry enteric pathogens on their surfaces. Infections caused by these pathogens have a global impact on public health. This study aimed to analyse the Nigerian currency notes Naira for the presence of enteric bacteria, particularly drug-resistant strains. Methods: Sixty-four Nigerian currency notes were randomly collected from various sources. Using the spread plate technique, an aliquot of 0.1ml of 10-6 dilution of each sample suspension was inoculated onto Eosin Methylene Blue agar and Hektoen Enteric agar plates. Following incubation, colonies were counted and recorded in colony-forming units per milliliter, and morphologic features were observed. Bacterial isolates were then Gram-stained, tested for motility and characterized using standard biochemical techniques. Antimicrobial profiles of bacterial isolates were determined using the Kirby-Bauer modified disc diffusion method. Results: Preliminary analysis showed that 67.2% of currency notes were contaminated. The 100 Naira notes had the highest contamination rates with bacterial mean counts of 1.22×1010 cfu/ml. Three different species of enteric bacteria were isolated. The predominant pathogens were Escherichia coli (44.2%) and Salmonella spp. (44.2%). All isolates recovered were 100% susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, while 97.7% were resistant to penicillin. Escherichia coli was resistant to ampicillin (100%) and trime-thoprim-sulfamethoxazole (89.5%). Conclusion: This study showed that the Nigerian currency notes harbour enteric pathogens capable of causing serious infections to handlers. Therefore, improved hygiene practices, especially after handling currency notes, should be encouraged to prevent the spread of these pathogens.

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Bacterial Contaminants of Nigerian Currency Notes and Associated Risk Factors

Cited by 15 publications

References 3 publications

Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Different Public Environmental Sites in Mecca City

Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Different Public Environmental Sites in Mecca City

Association of multidrug resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> with specific naira denominations

Antibiotic Profiles of Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Nigerian Currency Notes

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