“…Many references (4,12,14,16) show that material surface characteristics, such as hydrophilicity, chemistry, charge, roughness and rigidity, can greatly affect the adhesion capacity of different types of cells on material surfaces. And some efforts (7,13,15) show that the adhesion capacity of bacterial or eukaryotic cells could be improved if the material surface is modified to a better hydrophilicity state by producing various oxygen-based functional groups, such as hydroxyl group, carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester, ether, ketone, aldehyde, etc.…”