Bacopa monnieri and l-Deprenyl Differentially Enhance the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Nerve Growth Factor via ERK 1/2 and NF-κB Pathways in the Spleen of Female Wistar Rats

Abstract

Aging is characterized by development of diseases and cancer due to loss of central and peripheral neuroendocrine-immune responses. Free radicals exert deleterious effects on neural-immune functions in the brain, heart, and lymphoid organs and thus, affecting the health. Bacopa monnieri (brahmi), an Ayurvedic herb, and L-deprenyl, a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor, have been widely used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether brahmi (10 and 40 mg/kg BW) and deprenyl (1 and 2.5 mg/kg BW) treatment of 3-month old female Wistar rats for 10 days can modulate the activities of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] in the brain and spleen. In addition, the effects of these compounds on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), nerve growth factor (NGF), the intracellular signaling markers, p-ERK1/2, p-CREB, and p-NF-kB, and nitric oxide (NO) production were measured in the spleen by Western blot analysis. Both brahmi and deprenyl enhanced CAT activity, and p-TH, NGF, and p-NF-kB expression in the spleen. However, deprenyl alone was found to enhance the p-ERK1/2 and p-CREB expression in the spleen. The activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx in the thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes, heart, and brain areas (frontal cortex, medial basal hypothalamus, striatum, and hippocampus) were differentially altered by brahmi and deprenyl. Brahmi alone enhanced NO production in the spleen. Taken together, these results suggest that both brahmi and deprenyl can protect the central and peripheral neuronal systems through their unique effects on the antioxidant enzyme activities and intracellular signaling pathways.

Reactive oxygen species induce MMP12‐dependent degradation of collagen 5 and fibronectin to promote the motility of human umbilical cord‐derived mesenchymal stem cells

“…Hence, our results are consistent with the notion that H2O2 plays a pivotal role in PKC activation via ROS generation. It has been shown that MAPK exists downstream of PKC and regulates many related transcription factors, including NF-κB and β-catenin, in several cell types, including human UCBMSCs and mouse ESCs (Yun et al, 2009;Yang et al, 2012;Lee do et al, 2013;Priyanka et al, 2013). We found that H2O2 was able to induce ERK and p38 MAPK activation, thereby stimulating NF-κB and β-catenin activation.…”

“…In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), H2O2 is able to activate conventional, novel or atypical PKCs and so promote the activation of MAPKs ). In addition, it has been shown that phosphorylation of PKC and MAPK is required for the regulation of stem cell functions through the facilitation of multifunctional transcription factors, such as NF-κB and β-catenin Lee do et al, 2013;Priyanka et al, 2013). However, the coordination of signal transduction cascades downstream of H2O2 via effector molecules is still unclear.…”

Omega-3 fatty acids differentially modulate enzymatic anti-oxidant systems in skeletal muscle cells

“…Currently, some studies have shown that EPA has the capability to directly and indirectly activate the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway (Kageyama et al 2013;Zuniga et al 2011), and this pathway is responsible for the control of the gene expression of several anti-oxidant enzymes, including CAT (Priyanka et al 2013). Thus, the modulation of NF-κB pathway by EPA may modulate the CAT content, and consequently, its activity, furthermore, allosteric mechanisms, can modulate the enzyme activity as demonstrated above.…”

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“…Oil from seeds reported to contain up to 80% D-carvone which possess strong antioxidant potential against in vitro DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP tests. [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] Alcoholic extracts exhibited strong antioxidant potential against ferric sulfate, cumene hydroperoxide, and DPPH free radical scavenging tests in a dose-dependent manner . In a comparison of 1-deprnyl (antiaging, nootropic drug) and B. monnieri, it was found to enhance antioxidant/ detoxification enzyme activity in the spleen, brain, heart, thymus, and mesenteric lymph nodes thereby showing neuroprotection.…”