In
spite of modern crop protection measures, the overall crop losses
due to pests and pathogens are huge. Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Fusarium oxysporum are one of the most devastating soil-borne fungi and cause numerous
plant diseases. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically
design and develop new nanofungicides based on imidazole drugs, clotrimazole,
econazole nitrate, and miconazole nitrate, for effective and efficient
management of plant diseases. The assessment of these antifungal medicines
for their fungicide likeness using Hao’s rule and their enzyme
inhibitory potential by molecular docking was helpful in ensuring
their utility as antifungal agents in managing phytopathogenic fungi.
Nanotechnological strategies were used to develop nanoformulations
of test compounds in poly(ethylene glycol) 300 for further augmenting
their bioactivity. Transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed
the nanosize of the prepared products. Analysis of their in vitro
and in vivo antifungal properties revealed their usefulness in controlling
the test fungi, R. solani, M. phaseolina,
S. rolfsii, and F. oxysporum. Excellent in vitro
antifungal activities were displayed by the clotrimazole nanoformulation
with a median effective dose (ED50) of 1.18 μg/mL
against R. solani, the econazole nitrate
nanoformulation with an ED50 of 5.25 μg/mL against S. rolfsii, and the miconazole nitrate nanoformulation
with an ED50 of 1.49 and 1.82 μg/mL against M. phaseolina and F. oxysporum. Furthermore, in vivo studies against test fungi demonstrated the
antifungal potency of all the nanoformulations with disease incidences
ranging from 11.11 to 27.38% in plants treated with nanoformulations
of test chemicals as compared to the inoculated control (39.68–72.38%).