Away from home: the brain of the wandering mind as a model for schizophrenia

Shin, Daejung; Lee, Tae Young; Jung, Wi Hoon; Kim, Sung Nyun; Jang, Joon Hwan; Kwon, Jun Soo

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.021

Cited by 39 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…If some schizotypy dimensions have cognitive correlates, the field must more rigorously assess both schizotypy and executive control to confirm this. In addition to measuring mind wandering, which has barely been considered in light of schizophrenia’s positive symptoms (D. Shin et al, 2015), the present study measures multiple factors of executive control and schizotypy, with multiple indicators each, and uses latent-variable analyses to assess their associations in a large sample. Our theoretical questions concern the associations among executive constructs — WMC, attention restraint, attention constraint, mind wandering, and intra-individual variability — and their associations to dimensions of schizotypy.…”

Section: Goals and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy.

Kane¹,

Meier²,

Smeekens³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

170

336

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A large correlational study took a latent-variable approach to the generality of executive control by testing the individual-differences structure of executive-attention capabilities and assessing their prediction of schizotypy, a multidimensional construct (with negative, positive, disorganized, and paranoid factors) conveying risk for schizophrenia. Although schizophrenia is convincingly linked to executive deficits, the schizotypy literature is equivocal. Subjects completed tasks of working memory capacity (WMC), attention restraint (inhibiting prepotent responses), and attention constraint (focusing visual attention amid distractors), the latter two in an effort to fractionate the “inhibition” construct. We also assessed mind-wandering propensity (via in-task thought probes) and coefficient of variation in response times (RT CoV) from several tasks as more novel indices of executive attention. WMC, attention restraint, attention constraint, mind wandering, and RT CoV were correlated but separable constructs, indicating some distinctions among “attention control” abilities; WMC correlated more strongly with attentional restraint than constraint, and mind wandering correlated more strongly with attentional restraint, attentional constraint, and RT CoV than with WMC. Across structural models, no executive construct predicted negative schizotypy and only mind wandering and RT CoV consistently (but modestly) predicted positive, disorganized, and paranoid schizotypy; stalwart executive constructs in the schizophrenia literature — WMC and attention restraint — showed little to no predictive power, beyond restraint’s prediction of paranoia. Either executive deficits are consequences rather than risk factors for schizophrenia, or executive failures barely precede or precipitate diagnosable schizophrenia symptoms.

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Section: Goals and Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy.

Kane¹,

Meier²,

Smeekens³

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

170

336

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Research on mind-wandering has seen a massive increase in recent years, spreading to a wide variety of psychological domains including those examining cognition [1–10], neuroscience [11–16], education [17–20], creativity [21,22], clinical populations [23–26], and workplace functioning [27], to name a few. The rapidly growing body of research on mind-wandering was largely stimulated by Smallwood and Schooler’s [28] integrative review of related concepts such as ‘task-unrelated imagery and thoughts (TUITs)’ [29] and ‘stimulus-independent thought’ [30].…”

Section: The Intentionality Of Mind-wanderingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mind-Wandering With and Without Intention

Seli

Risko

Smilek

et al. 2016

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

354

287

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The past decade has seen a surge of research examining mind-wandering, but most of this research has not considered the potential importance of distinguishing between intentional and unintentional mind-wandering. However, a recent series of papers has demonstrated that mind-wandering reported in empirical investigations frequently occurs with and without intention, and more critically, that intentional and unintentional mind-wandering are dissociable. This emerging literature suggests that to increase clarity in the literature, there is a need to reconsider the bulk of the mind-wandering literature with an eye toward deconvolving these two different cognitive experiences. In this review, we highlight recent trends in investigations of the intentionality of mind-wandering and outline a novel theoretical framework regarding the mechanisms underlying intentional and unintentional mind-wandering.

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“…13,14,16,33 However, the interpretation of resting-state dysconnectivity in patients with schizophrenia may be biased by differences in thoughts and mind wandering during rest in patients with this mental illness. 12 We focused the present research on functional brain connectivity during task performance, as it offers a better control over the cognitive state of participants than rest. Yet, there is evidence that task-related versus taskunrelated effects can be disentangled within a single experimental paradigm.…”

Section: A B Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Patients with schizophrenia experience pronounced disturbances of thoughts and differ from controls with regards to their internal mentations and cognitive states during rest. 12 The question of the context-independence of abnormal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia may thus be best adressed by characterizing such alterations using well-defined behavioural paradigms. To date, research has focused on determining whether alterations in brain connectivity were further modulated by task complexity in single cognitive domains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered brain connectivity in patients with schizophrenia is consistent across cognitive contexts

Orban

Desseilles

Mendrek

et al. 2017

JPN

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IntroductionBeyond abnormal activity of focal brain areas, 1 aberrant functional interactions between brain regions are thought to be a core feature of schizophrenia. [2][3][4] Among the current issues related to this influential idea is whether abnormal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia is contextdependent. 5 Resting-state fMRI characterizes intrinsic functional brain connectivity, which is guided by endogenous processes and spontaneous thoughts in the absence of any explicit task. 6 Resting-state functional brain imaging in patients with schizophrenia has revealed a widespread functional dysconnectivity between brain regions that are also known to exhibit abnormal levels of activation in relation to impairments in task performance and/or symptomatology. 7-11However, a critical issue with the study of resting-state functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia is the poor control over the cognitive state of these individuals, which may confound the interpretation of the results. Patients with schizophrenia experience pronounced disturbances of thoughts and differ from controls with regards to their internal mentations and cognitive states during rest. 12 The question of the context-independence of abnormal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia may thus be best adressed by characterizing such alterations using well-defined behavioural paradigms. To date, research has focused on determining whether alterations in brain connectivity were further modulated by task complexity in single cognitive domains. 13-15However, to our knowledge, there is no sufficiently powered study that specifically examined commonalities and differences in dysconnectivity across distinct cognitive tasks. 16In the present work, we sought to assess whether the degree of cognitive similarity would impact the results by looking at 2 cognitive domains that strongly differ from one another, emotional versus visuomotor processing. We further distinguished the emotional processing task based on an additional embedded component, either incidental learning or recognition memory. These 3 paradigms were studied with a connectome-wide general linear model analysis. We characterized context-independent effects through commonalities in the main effects of abnormal functional connectivity across the 3 tasks. We evaluated context-dependent effects of abnormal connectivity using interaction analyses that looked for changes in functional connectivity between tasks in patients Correspondence to: P. Orban, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, 4545 Queen Mary, Montreal, QC H3W 1W5; pierre.orban@criugm.qc.ca Submitted July 13, 2015; Revised Nov. 19, 2015; Accepted Jan. 5, 2016; Early-released Apr. 19, 2016 DOI: 10.1503 Background: Schizophrenia has been defined as a dysconnection syndrome characterized by aberrant functional brain connectivity. Using task-based fMRI, we assessed to what extent the nature of the cognitive context may further modulate abnormal functional brain connectivity. Methods: We analyzed data matc...

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Away from home: the brain of the wandering mind as a model for schizophrenia

Cited by 39 publications

References 68 publications

Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy.

Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy.

Mind-Wandering With and Without Intention

Altered brain connectivity in patients with schizophrenia is consistent across cognitive contexts

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