Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Egypt

Kayali, Ghazi; Kandeil, Ahmed; El-Shesheny, Rabeh; Kayed, Ahmed S.; Maatouq, Asmaa M.; Cai, Zhipeng; McKenzie, Pamela; Webby, Richard J.; Refaey, Samir; Kandeel, Amr; Ali, Mohamed A.

doi:10.3201/eid2203.150593

Cited by 77 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although Egypt has used AI H5 vaccines for more than 10 years, AI H5N1 viruses have been undergoing antigenic drift due to the presence of immune pressure and could therefore escape from vaccine protection [6]. Several commercial inactivated AI vaccines were widely used in domestic poultry [38,39].…”

Section: Namentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This included increasing public awareness and biosecurity through media, culling infected poultry, commercial life poultry movement restrictions and emergency vaccination [6,7]. The number of recorded H5N1 outbreaks decreased as a result of administrating H5-inactivated vaccines [6,8]. However, the AI H5N1 virus continued to circulate, and the virus became endemic in 2008 leading to a drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few months after the introduction of the virus, the national veterinary authorities devised a comprehensive response plan to control the spread of the virus in Egypt. This included increasing public awareness and biosecurity through media, culling infected poultry, commercial life poultry movement restrictions and emergency vaccination [6,7]. The number of recorded H5N1 outbreaks decreased as a result of administrating H5-inactivated vaccines [6,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HPAI H5N1 viruses spread during the last decade to Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Africa resulting in the culling and deaths of millions of birds as well as hundreds of human infection cases with a case fatality rate of more than 52 % [3][4][5]. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of subtype H5 underwent reassortment with different neuraminidase subtypes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) to form AI H5NX viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt

Kandeil

Kayed

Moatasim

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

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A newly emerged H5N8 influenza virus was isolated from green-winged teal in Egypt during December 2016. In this study, we provide a detailed characterization of full genomes of Egyptian H5N8 viruses and some virological features. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the Egyptian H5N8 viruses are highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the genome of the Egyptian H5N8 viruses was related to recently characterized reassortant H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 isolated from different Eurasian countries. Multiple peculiar mutations were characterized in the Egyptian H5N8 viruses, which probably permits transmission and virulence of these viruses in mammals. The Egyptian H5N8 viruses preferentially bound to avian-like receptors rather than human-like receptors. Also, the Egyptian H5N8 viruses were fully sensitive to amantadine and neuraminidase inhibitors. Chicken sera raised against commercial inactivated avian influenza-H5 vaccines showed no or very low reactivity with the currently characterized H5N8 viruses in agreement with the genetic dissimilarity. Surveillance of avian influenza in waterfowl provides early warning of specific threats to poultry and human health and hence should be continued.

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Section: Namentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt

Kandeil

Kayed

Moatasim

et al. 2017

Journal of General Virology

Self Cite

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“…Within a few months of the first wave of H5N1 virus in 2006, the veterinary authorities in Egypt implemented a comprehensive response plan to control the spread of the virus in Egypt; this included increasing public awareness through the media, culling infected poultry, placing restrictions on the movement of live poultry, and applying biosecurity measures and emergency vaccination (2,3). However, the H5N1 virus continued to circulate and it became endemic in 2008, which led to genetic drift of the surface immunogenic glycoproteins (4,5 (6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry, 2015

Kayed

Kandeil

El-Shesheny

et al. 2016

East Mediterr Health J

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Surveillance for avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry has been conducted since 2009. Up to 2011, all the detected viruses were H5N1, and the overall prevalence was 5%. In 2011, H9N2 viruses were observed to be co-circulating and co-infecting the same hosts as H5N1 viruses. Since then, the detection rate has increased to around 10%. In the 2014-2015 winter season, H5N1 was circulating heavily in poultry flocks and caused an unprecedented number of human infections. In contrast, surveillance in the last quarter of 2015 indicated a near absence of H5N1 in Egyptian poultry. Surveillance for avian influenza viruses must continue in Egypt to monitor further developments in H5N1 circulation in poultry. En 2011, on a remarqué que les virus H9N2 circulaient en même temps et co-infectaient les mêmes hôtes que les virus H5N1. Depuis, le taux de détection a augmenté pour atteindre près de 10 %. Pendant la saison hivernale 2014-2015, le virus H5N1 a considérablement circulé dans les élevages de volailles, entraînant un nombre d'infections sans précédent chez l'homme. À l'inverse, la surveillance au cours du dernier trimestre 2015 a constaté la quasi-absence du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles égyptiennes. La surveillance des virus de la grippe aviaire doit se poursuivre en Égypte afin de déceler les futures évolutions de la circulation du H5N1 dans les populations de volailles.

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B cell epitopes in the intrinsically disordered regions of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses for peptide‐based vaccine development

Ramamurthy

Sankar

Abraham

et al. 2019

J of Cellular Biochemistry

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Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are very active in several parts of the globe and are the cause of huge economic loss for the poultry industry and also human fatalities. Three dimensional modeling was carried out for neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of AIV. The C‐score, estimated TM‐Score, and estimated root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) score for NA of H5N1 were −1.18, 0.57 ± 0.15, and 9.8 ± 7.6, respectively. The C‐score, estimated TM‐Score, and estimated RMSD score for NA of H9N2 were −1.43, 0.54 ± 0.15, and 10.5 ± 4.6, respectively. The C‐score, estimated TM‐Score, and estimated RMSD score for HA of H5N1 were −0.03, 0.71 ± 0.12, and 7.7 ± 4.3, respectively. The C‐score, estimated TM‐Score, and estimated RMSD score for HA of H9N2 were −0.57, 0.64 ± 0.13, and 8.9 ± 4.6, respectively. Intrinsically disordered regions were identified for the NA and HA proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 with the use of PONDR program. Linear B cell epitope was predicted using BepiPred 2 program for NA and HA of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza strains. Discontinuous epitopes were predicted by Discotope 2 program. The linear epitopes that were considered likely to be immunogenic and within the intrinsically disordered region for the NA of H5N1 was TKSTNSRSGFEMIWDPNGWTGTDSSFSVK, and for H9N2 it was VGDTPRNDDSSSSSNCRDPNNERGAP. In the case of HA of H5N1, it was QRLVPKIATRSKVNGQSG and ATGLRNSPQRERRRKK; for H9N2 it was INRTFKPLIGPRPLVNGLQG and SLKLAVGLRNVPARSSR. The discontinuous epitopes of NA of H5N1 and H9N2 were identified at various regions of the protein structure spanning from amino acid residue positions 90 to 449 and 107 to 469, respectively. Similarly, the discontinuous epitopes of HA of H5N1 and H9N2 were identified in the amino acid residue positions 27 to 517 and 136 to 521, respectively. This study has identified potential and highly immunogenic linear and conformational B‐cell epitopes towards developing a vaccine against AIV both for human and poultry use.

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Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Egypt

Abstract: An aggressive plan to curb these infections in poultry is urgently needed.

Cited by 77 publications

References 26 publications

Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt

Genetic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in Egypt

Active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in Egyptian poultry, 2015

B cell epitopes in the intrinsically disordered regions of neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins of H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses for peptide‐based vaccine development

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