Avian Adjustments to Cold

Marsh, Richard L.; Dawson, William R.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-74078-7_6

Cited by 112 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 245 publications

(331 reference statements)

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“…In flapping flight, the pectoralissupracoracoideus complex can operate at maximum intensity. In contrast, effective shivering requires isotonic, simultaneous antagonistic contractions, which limits force generation by the large downstroke muscles and thus constrains total power output (32). Among tropical species, the mangrove swallow, Tachycineta albilinea, had the highest PMR C .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cold- and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds

Wiersma

Chappell

Williams

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

122

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Compared with temperate birds, tropical birds have low reproductive rates, slow development as nestlings, and long lifespans. These ''slow'' life history traits are thought to be associated with reduced energy expenditure, or a slow ''pace of life.'' To test predictions from this hypothesis, we measured exercise-induced peak metabolic rates (PMRE) in 45 species of tropical lowland forest birds and compared these data with PMRE for three temperate species. We also compared cold-induced PMR (PMRC) with PMRE in the same individuals of 19 tropical species. Tropical birds had a 39% lower PMRE than did the temperate species. In tropical birds, PMRC and PMRE scaled similarly with body mass (Mb), but PMRE was 47% higher than PMRC. PMRE averaged 6.44 ؋ basal metabolic rate (BMR) and PMRC averaged 4.52 ؋ BMR. The slope of the equation relating PMRE to Mb exceeded the slope for the equation for BMR vs. Mb, whereas slopes for the equations of PMRC and BMR vs. Mb did not differ. Mb-adjusted residuals of PMRE were positively correlated with residual BMR, whereas residual PMRC and residual BMR were not correlated. PMRE and PMRC were not correlated after we corrected for Mb. Temperate birds maintained their body temperature at an 8.6°C lower average air temperature than did tropical species. The lower PMRE values in tropical species suggest that their suite of life history traits on the slow end of the life history continuum are associated with reduced metabolic rates. maximum metabolic rate ͉ summit metabolism ͉ metabolic scope ͉ pace of life ͉ cold tolerance E cological physiologists have devoted considerable effort to examining the upper limits of physiological performance, especially locomotor performance and metabolic power production during cold exposure. An implicit or explicit hypothesis in this work is that individual variation in performance is correlated with fitness: higher performance such as faster running or greater metabolic power output leads to increased survival and/or reproductive success. In the past few decades, a variety of performance indices have been measured in numerous species, and analyses have examined performance in mechanistic, phylogenetic, ecological, and evolutionary contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, regulated power production in both exercise and thermogenesis relies on skeletal muscle (32). Most studies of avian PMR have focused on PMR C in small species because that measurement is technically easier than eliciting maximal exercise metabolism and because of the challenge of attaining PMR C in large birds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold- and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds

Wiersma

Chappell

Williams

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

122

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“…Measurements by Barclay et al (1993) on laboratory mice (Swiss strain) showed that the rate of heat production in the fast m. extensor digitorum longus, containing about two-thirds Type IIA and one third Type IIB fibers (CD-1 strain; Crow and Kushmerick, 1982), was five times higher than that of the slow m. soleus (75% Type I, 25% Type IIA; Crow and Kushmerick, 1982). In most mammals and birds, heat is primarily produced by muscular means via shivering thermogenesis (Ruben, 1995), which is analogous to isometric or low tremor muscle contractions (Hohtola, 2004) and involves antagonistic muscle groups (Marsh and Dawson, 1989). Shivering frequency depends on body size with mice displaying burst shivering frequencies of about 40 Hz, while guinea pigs shiver at 24 Hz and dogs at 12 Hz (Spaan and Klussman, 1970), therefore primarily fast, Type II fibers can be expected to take part in shivering in small mammals.…”

Section: Type II Fiber Proportions-special Role Of Intermediate Fibermentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution Pattern of Muscle Fiber Types in the Perivertebral Musculature of Two Different Sized Species of Mice

Hesse

Fischer

Schilling

2010

The Anatomical Record

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Many physiological parameters scale with body size. Regarding limb muscles, it has been shown that the demands for relatively faster muscles, less postural work, and greater heat production in small mammals are met by lower proportions of Type I and conversely higher proportions of Type II fibers. To investigate possible adaptations of the perivertebral musculature, we investigated the proportion, spatial distribution, and cross-sectional area (csa) of the different muscle fiber types in the laboratory and harvest mouse. Serial cross sections from the posterior thoracic to the lumbo-sacral region were prepared and Type I, IIA, and IIB fibers identified using enzymehistochemistry. The general distribution of Type I and IIB fibers, as well as the more or less equal distribution of IIA fibers, resembles the pattern found in other mammals. However, the overall proportion of Type I fibers was very low in the laboratory mouse and particularly low in the harvest mouse. Muscular adaptations to a small body size were met primarily by increased Type IIA fiber proportions. Thereby, not all muscles or muscle regions similarly reflected the expected scaling effects. However, our results clearly show that body size is a critical factor when fiber-type proportions are compared among different sized mammals. Anat Rec, 293:446-463, 2010. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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“…Migratory birds also often show Ṁ sum increases of a similar magnitude as a component of the migratory phenotype (Swanson, 1995;Swanson and Dean, 1999;Vézina et al, 2006;Vézina et al, 2007). Such increments of Ṁ sum are associated with improved shivering endurance and heightened levels of cold tolerance, suggesting that physiological and biochemical changes responsible for altering Ṁ sum also affect cold tolerance (Marsh and Dawson, 1989;Swanson, 2001;Swanson and Liknes, 2006). Moreover, high Ṁ sum has positive fitness consequences for endotherms wintering in cold climates (Hayes and O'Connor, 1999;Sears et al, 2006;Clavijo-Baquet and Bozinovic, 2012) and presumably is related to higher endurance capacity for flight in migratory birds (Swanson and Dean, 1999;Vézina et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative roles of temperature and photoperiod as drivers of metabolic flexibility in dark-eyed juncos

Swanson

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Seasonal phenotypic flexibility in small birds produces a winter phenotype with elevated maximum cold-induced metabolic rates (=summit metabolism, Ṁ sum ). Temperature and photoperiod are candidates for drivers of seasonal phenotypes, but their relative impacts on metabolic variation are unknown. We examined photoperiod and temperature effects on Ṁ sum , muscle masses and activities of key catabolic enzymes in winter dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis). We randomly assigned birds to four treatment groups varying in temperature (cold=3°C; warm=24°C) and photoperiod [short day (SD)=8 h:16 h light:dark; long day (LD)=16 h:8 h light:dark] in a two-by-two design. We measured body mass (M b ), flight muscle width and Ṁ sum before and after 3 and 6 weeks of acclimation, and flight muscle and heart masses after 6 weeks. Ṁ sum increased for cold-exposed, but not for warm-exposed, birds. LD birds gained more M b than SD birds, irrespective of temperature. Flight muscle size and mass did not differ significantly among groups, but heart mass was larger in cold-exposed birds. Citrate synthase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase and β-hydroxyacyl Co-A dehydrogenase activities in the pectoralis were generally higher for LD and cold groups. The coldinduced changes in Ṁ sum and heart mass parallel winter changes for small birds, but the larger M b and higher catabolic enzyme activities in LD birds suggest photoperiod-induced changes associated with migratory disposition. Temperature appears to be a primary driver of flexibility in Ṁ sum in juncos, but photoperiod-induced changes in M b and catabolic enzyme activities, likely associated with migratory disposition, interact with temperature to contribute to seasonal phenotypes.

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Avian Adjustments to Cold

Cited by 112 publications

References 245 publications

Cold- and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds

Cold- and exercise-induced peak metabolic rates in tropical birds

Distribution Pattern of Muscle Fiber Types in the Perivertebral Musculature of Two Different Sized Species of Mice

Relative roles of temperature and photoperiod as drivers of metabolic flexibility in dark-eyed juncos

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