Avalanche Photodiode Focal Plane Arrays and Their Application to Laser Detection and Ranging

Song, Hai‐Zhi

doi:10.5772/intechopen.81294

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…The urgent need for advanced 3D imaging in laser detection and ranging (LADAR) applications have led to the use of this kind of PD structure in focal plane arrays (FPA) 51 – 53 Using these detectors in FPAs will have advantages, such as internal photoelectric gain, small size, low driving voltages, high efficiency, and fast response, making it possible to create 3D imaging methods and, subsequently, more detailed information to identify the object. Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is one of the most important centers that has made significant progress in this field.…”

Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5, a simple linear mode APD detector will consist of an APD element (convert the incident light into photo-generated carriers and photocurrent and then amplify the resulting photocurrent through the avalanche gain by impact ionization) and a readout integrated circuit (ROIC). The ROIC consists of a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) (converts the amplified current of the APD to a voltage signal that is proportional to the total multiplied charge delivered by the APD), a stabilivolt source circuit, and a comparator 53 …”

Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of these adequate detectors in array configuration in applications such as LADAR and mobile laser imaging is undeniable. Hai-Zhi 53 developed Si-based SPAD arrays with the n+-π-p-π-p+ layers using some special processing working at 905 nm. The multiplication region of this structure is very fragile compared to the entire depletion region.…”

Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of structures and technologies of various types of photodetectors used in laser warning systems: a review

Mohammadnejad,

Aasi

2023

Opt. Eng.

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With the advancement of laser technology in recent decades, this device has been used in a wide range of applications, such as medical sciences, military, industry, holography, spectroscopy, and astronomy. In past years, military operations for better communication depended on radiofrequency. Vulnerability to security threats and exposure to electromagnetic interference were the main problems of this electromagnetic spectrum region. Therefore, attention was drawn to the visible and infrared (IR) regions. This spectrum provided a secure transfer of the data. The probability of intercepting a laser signal is very low due to the divergence of the narrow beam and the coherence of its optical beam. Hence, it has made this device a good candidate for secure military operations. As a result, the laser based-devices and laser-guided weapons (LGW), such as laser target designator and beam riders, have become an undeniable tool on battlefields. Reduction of the vulnerability to the LGW threats by providing laser detection, angle of arrival, wavelength discrimination, and temporal characterization is the main intention of the laser warning system (LWS). This system consists of three major subsystems. The optical subsystem will consist of spectral filters, focusing lenses, and the detection one, which is made of a few detectors in a unique array's configuration [especially IR photodetector (IRPD)], and the processing subsystem. In the last decades, with the progress made in nanofabrication and nanotechnology, consequential research has been done to enhance the performance of IRPDs, such as increasing the production yield, making it simple in the fabrication processes, lowering the fabrication cost, and increasing the operating temperature. This review paper gives a particular concentration to the photodetectors used in the detection subsystem of LWSs. In addition, some nanostructures have been surveyed to enhance the optical coupling and light-matter interaction of IRPD. Also, all studied structures are compared in a table. Finally, the detection subsystem we simulated and built at the Nanoptronics Research Center will be analyzed.

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Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laser Beam Detection Based On Avalanche Photodiodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of structures and technologies of various types of photodetectors used in laser warning systems: a review

Mohammadnejad,

Aasi

2023

Opt. Eng.

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“…An avalanche photodiode (APD) array is commonly used in satellites that acts as a photon counter when operated in the Geiger mode [1]- [5]. Data communications and tracking with APD detector arrays is discussed in [6]- [10].…”

Section: Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Space Optical MISO Communications With an Array of Detectors

Bashir

Alouini

2020

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and multiple-input single-output (MISO) schemes have yielded promising results in free space optical (FSO) communications by providing diversity against fading of the received signal intensity. In this paper, we have analyzed the probability of error performance of a muliple-input single-output (MISO) free-space optical channel that employs array(s) of detectors at the receiver. In this regard, we have considered the maximal ratio combiner (MRC) and equal gain combiner (EGC) fusion algorithms for the array of detectors, and we have examined the performance of these algorithms subject to phase and pointing errors for strong atmospheric turbulence conditions. It is concluded that when the variance of the phase and pointing errors are below certain thresholds, signal combining with a single array of detectors yields significantly better performance than a multiple arrays receiver. In the final part of the paper, we examine the probability of error of the single detector array receiver as a function of the beam radius, and the probability of error is minimized by (numerically) optimizing the beam radius of the received signal beams.

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“…Because of the inherent gain, using linear-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs) instead of standard pin photodiodes has become attractive in many optical systems where weak optical signal detection is required [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The use of a CMOS process for the production of integrated APDs with electronic circuitry for read-out and signal processing reduces the influence of parasitic effects, and furthermore offers a cost-effective production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area and Bandwidth Enhancement of an n+/p-Well Dot Avalanche Photodiode in 0.35 μm CMOS Technology

Poushi

Goll

Schneider-Hornstein

et al. 2023

Sensors

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This paper presents a CMOS-integrated dot avalanche photodiode (dot-APD) that features a small central n+/p-well hemispherical cathode/p-well structure circularly surrounded by an anode ring. The dot-APD enables wide hemispherical depletion, charge collection from a large volume, and a small multiplication region. These features result in a large light-sensitive area, high responsivity and bandwidth, and exceptionally low junction capacitance. The active area can be further expanded using a multi-dot structure, which is an array of several cathode/p-well dots with a shared anode. Experimental results show that a 5 × 5 multi-dot APD with an active area of 70 μm × 70 μm achieves a bandwidth of 1.8 GHz, a responsivity of 9.7 A/W, and a capacitance of 27 fF. The structure of the multi-dot APD allows for the design of APDs in various sizes that offer high bandwidth and responsivity as an optical detector for various applications while still maintaining a small capacitance.

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Avalanche Photodiode Focal Plane Arrays and Their Application to Laser Detection and Ranging

Cited by 6 publications

References 48 publications

Analysis of structures and technologies of various types of photodetectors used in laser warning systems: a review

Analysis of structures and technologies of various types of photodetectors used in laser warning systems: a review

Free-Space Optical MISO Communications With an Array of Detectors

Area and Bandwidth Enhancement of an n+/p-Well Dot Avalanche Photodiode in 0.35 μm CMOS Technology

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