2004
DOI: 10.1126/science.1099993
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Abstract: Autophagy, the process by which cells recycle cytoplasm and dispose of excess or defective organelles, has entered the research spotlight largely owing to the discovery of the protein components that drive this process. Identifying the autophagy genes in yeast and finding orthologs in other organisms reveals the conservation of the mechanism of autophagy in eukaryotes and allows the use of molecular genetics and biology in different model systems to study this process. By mostly morphological studies, autophag… Show more

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Cited by 2,320 publications
(1,835 citation statements)
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References 62 publications
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“…mTOR inhibitors induce apoptosis in some types of tumor cells (Hosoi et al, 1999;Nepomuceno et al, 2003;Majumder et al, 2004;Avellino et al, 2005), whereas they trigger autophagy in other settings (Noda and Ohsumi, 1998;Gutierrez et al, 2004;Kanazawa et al, 2004;Ravikumar et al, 2004) as well as in malignant glioma cells as shown in this study and our previous investigation (Takeuchi et al, 2005). Autophagy is a process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and intracellular components in response to stress or starvation (Klionsky and Emr, 2000;Levine and Klionsky, 2004;Shintani and Klionsky, 2004). A complex of class III PI3K and Beclin 1 at the trans-Golgi network acts to induce autophagy, whereas mTOR, which is a downstream target of the class I PI3K/Akt, inhibits autophagy.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 66%
“…mTOR inhibitors induce apoptosis in some types of tumor cells (Hosoi et al, 1999;Nepomuceno et al, 2003;Majumder et al, 2004;Avellino et al, 2005), whereas they trigger autophagy in other settings (Noda and Ohsumi, 1998;Gutierrez et al, 2004;Kanazawa et al, 2004;Ravikumar et al, 2004) as well as in malignant glioma cells as shown in this study and our previous investigation (Takeuchi et al, 2005). Autophagy is a process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and intracellular components in response to stress or starvation (Klionsky and Emr, 2000;Levine and Klionsky, 2004;Shintani and Klionsky, 2004). A complex of class III PI3K and Beclin 1 at the trans-Golgi network acts to induce autophagy, whereas mTOR, which is a downstream target of the class I PI3K/Akt, inhibits autophagy.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 66%
“…The implication of this is that impaired autophagy might result in defective proteasomes since they, together with mitochondria and other organelles, are then not properly renewed. The mechanisms involved in the formation of the autophagic double membrane (the phagophore), the inclusion of materials to be degraded, and the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes were recently elucidated as a result of the discovery in yeast of a large family of phylogenetically well preserved autophagy-related genes (ATG) (Klionsky, 2007, Shintani and Klionsky, 2004, Suzuki and Ohsumi, 2007, Yorimitsu and Klionsky, 2005). …”
Section: The Role Of Lysosomes In Intracellular Iron Metabolismmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Autophagy has recently been found to be a highly controlled process that is regulated by a large number of conserved autophagy related genes (ATGs) and is of fundamental importance for cellular survival (Klionsky, 2007, Shintani and Klionsky, 2004, Suzuki and Ohsumi, 2007, Yorimitsu and Klionsky, 2005. The autophagic degradation of iron-containing materials, such as ferritin and mitochondrial complexes, explains the presence of lysosomal redox-active iron.…”
Section: The Role Of Lysosomes In Intracellular Iron Metabolismmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…94,95 Recent evidence suggests that autophagic degradation products are displayed on MHC class II for immune surveillance by CD4 þ T cells. So far autophagy has been found to deliver nuclear and cytosolic proteins for MHC class II presentation in professional APCs, namely DCs, macrophages and B cells.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%