“…Second, knowledge development in an AV TIS features a high level of sectoral diversity. While a large share of knowledge development activity can be attributed to automotive OEMs (e.g., Ford, Toyota, Nissan, GM, and BMW) and component suppliers (e.g., Robert Bosch, Continental, and Denso), companies from the electronics sector (e.g., Marvell, Sony, and LG) and the internet sector (e.g., Google) as well as universities (e.g., Carnegie Mellon, Chinese Academy of Science, and MIT) and public research institutes (e.g., DARPA) are also making significant contributions (Fang and Li, 2016;Bardt, 2017;Youtie et al, 2017). In line with the studies listed in Table 1, this study seeks to enhance our understanding of the patterns of knowledge development and diffusion in an AV TIS.…”