Augmentative releases of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to suppress a mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) population in Kula, Maui, Hawaii

Diachasmimorpha longicaudata as Biological Control agent of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata: biotic and abiotic factors affecting its implementation in citrus crops of the Mediterranean basin

“…However, due to the dispersal ability, survival as adults, and parasitism success, we can adopt a strategy of augmentative releases during C. capitata outbreaks in citrus orchards (in Tunisia between September and January) in an area-wide basis (Wong et al 1991;Knipling 1992;Sivinski et al 1996;Montoya et al 2000a) to achieve a great control releasing enough number of specimens that could establish and overwint on small oasis within the country. But to achieve any of these two BC types, we have to intensify the parasitoid rearing system.…”

“…The greatest successes were achieved in Hawaii in the 50's with the introduction of three hymenopterans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead, Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron) and Fopius arisanus Sonan (Wong et al 1991). However, many problems arise after this first success like the time of the application, the need of acclimatization of exotic species into the new habitat, high pest biotic potential and low parasitism rate, size of affected fruit and the thickness of their epicarpe (Sivinski 1996).…”

“…In the past two decades, a number of entomologists have attempted to use augmentative releases of mass-reared opine braconid parasitoids to control field populations of tephritid flies in tropical fruit and vegetable crops (Wong et al 1991Sivinski et al 1996). For this reason, numerous studies were conducted to obtain bionomic data and establish rearing methods for these parasitoids (Ramadan et al 1989;Messing et al 1993).…”

Estrategias para la utilización de la bacteria entomopatógena Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) en el control de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)

“…El primer programa de control biológico utilizando parasitoides exóticos fue aplicado en 1902 en Australia. Los mayores éxitos se lograron en Hawai en los años 50 (siglo XX) con la introducción de los himenópteros bracónidos Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) y Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron) (Wong et al, 1991). En España, a comienzos de los años 30 se intentó la cría y establecimiento de los también bracónidos,…”

Mecanización de métodos de control de Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) en cítricos.

“…El control biológico contra la mosca mediterránea, por sí solo o en combinación con otras técnicas de manejo integrado, se utiliza satisfactoriamente en Sudamérica, Centroamérica, Australia y en Hawai (USA) (Wong et al, 1991;Headrick y Goeden, 1996;Sivinski, 1996;Bautista et al, 1999). Se prevé que en un futuro se pueda desarrollar a escala comercial en la Comunidad Valenciana pero, en la actualidad, solamente se realiza a nivel experimental.…”