Attenuation and modification of the ballast water microbial community during voyages into the Canadian Arctic

Abstract

Johansson, M. L.; Chaganti, S. R.; Simard, N.; Howland, K.; Winkler, G.; Rochon, A.; Laget, F.; Tremblay, P.; Heath, Daniel D.; and MacIsaac, Hugh J., "Attenuation and modification of the ballast water microbial community during voyages into the Canadian Arctic" (2017). Diversity and Distributions, 23, 5,[567][568][569][570][571][572][573][574][575][576] 36Results Ion Torrent sequencing returned approximately 2.9 million reads and revealed 37 significant monthly differences in diversity and species richness, as well as in community 38 structure in ballast water. June had significantly higher richness (total number of species in the 39 community) and diversity (accounts for both species abundance and evenness) than either July or 40 August, and showed most clearly the effect of BWE on the microbial community. water. This study showed that BWE removes some components of the microbial community 44 from the starting port and replace them with other taxa. BWE also changed proportional 45 representation of some microbes without removing them completely. However, it also appears 46 that some taxa are resident in the ballast tanks and are not removed by BWE.

Metabarcoding quantifies differences in accumulation of ballast water borne biodiversity among three port systems in the United States

“…While that study did not investigate changes in taxonomic diversity, a number of other studies employing morphological analysis of both phyto- and zooplankton have described dramatic declines in both abundance and richness during the course of individual voyages of varying lengths ( Gollasch et al, 2000a ; Gollasch et al, 2000b ; Olenin et al, 2000 ). Using molecular approaches, Johansson et al (2017) similarly found that overall taxonomic richness of microbial communities assessed by 16S sequencing declined significantly over time during three separate transits of the Canadian arctic. Another HTS-based examination of metazoan diversity across 39 BW samples also found significant negative correlation of BW age with molecular diversity ( Rey et al, 2019 ).…”

“…Assessments of bacterial and fungal communities, which have traditionally posed extreme challenges for conventional assessments, have benefited especially from these emerging tools ( Hess-Erga et al, 2019 ). Recent studies have investigated diversity of bacterial communities across multiple samples entering ports both in the US ( Brinkmeyer, 2016 ; Lymperopoulou and Dobbs, 2017 ) and internationally ( Gerhard and Gunsch, 2019a ; Johansson et al, 2017 ), while others have explored fungal ( Gerhard and Gunsch, 2019b ) and protistan diversity ( Pagenkopp Lohan et al, 2016 ; Pagenkopp Lohan et al, 2017 ; Wu et al, 2017 ), including focal species with potential for negative human health impacts. Metabarcoding has also been employed to explore the impacts of BW treatments such as electrochlorination, UV exposure, and alkalinity on bacterial communities ( Fujimoto et al, 2014 ; Petersen et al, 2019 ).…”

Can chlorination of ballast water reduce biological invasions?

“…Furthermore, while barcoding databases are increasing very rapidly (Briski, Ghabooli, Bailey, & MacIsaac, ), substantial variation in coverage of different taxonomic groups hinders matching to field‐based sequences. Nevertheless, high‐resolution DNA metabarcoding‐based approaches are an important step toward improving the resolution and efficacy of NIS surveillance and risk assessment (Darling & Frederick, ; Johansson et al, ; Rey et al, ; Zaiko et al, ). We advocate that combing DNA with RNA analysis, which is capable of differentiating living and dead portions of communities, will improve DNA metabarcoding‐based tools for NIS risk assessment and management.…”

Environmental DNA Metabarcoding: A Promising Tool for Ballast Water Monitoring

“…There has been a growing interest in applying metabarcoding, the simultaneous identification of taxa present in a complex environmental sample, for BW monitoring so that the limitations of morphological taxonomy can be circumvented. ,− Most of the studies performed so far have relied on bulk samples (e.g., plankton net samples) , and on DNA extracted from filtered water to target micro-organismal communities. − , Over the last years it has been recognized that macro-organisms can also be retrieved from filtered water through the recovery of traces of DNA released in the environment in the form of cells, feces, skin, saliva, mucus, etc., the so-called environmental DNA (eDNA). Yet, although eDNA is burgeoning as a cost-effective method to uncover macro-organismal diversity, to our knowledge, only a few studies have explored its potential for BW monitoring targeting macro-organisms. , Additionally, the effect of BW sampling access location (i.e., the location the tank is accessed to collect a sample, e.g., manhole or sounding pipe) on the eDNA-derived biodiversity estimates, recognized as one major factor impacting BW communities, has not been investigated yet.…”

“…10,19−26 Most of the studies performed so far have relied on bulk samples (e.g., plankton net samples) 10,26 extracted from filtered water to target micro-organismal communities. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]27 Over the last years it has been recognized that macro-organisms can also be retrieved from filtered water through the recovery of traces of DNA released in the environment in the form of cells, feces, skin, saliva, mucus, etc., 28 the so-called environmental DNA (eDNA). Yet, although eDNA is burgeoning as a cost-effective method to uncover macro-organismal diversity, to our knowledge, only a few studies have explored its potential for BW monitoring targeting macro-organisms.…”