Astaxanthin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in macrophages in NRF2-dependent and independent manners

Farruggia, Callie; Kim, Mi-Bo; Bae, Minkyung; Lee, Yoojin; Pham, Tho X.; Yang, Yue; Han, Myung Joo; Park, Youngki; Lee, Ji-Young

doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.005

Cited by 93 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…There are accumulating pieces of evidence supporting the application of ATX as potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds [ 15 , 17 , 20 ]. Here, we examined the protective effects of ATX on PM2.5-induced neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglial cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, our results indicate that PM2.5 induced HO-1 protein expression via the Nrf2 transcription factor and that ATX treatment decreased both Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in defending against oxidative stress by increasing the production of antioxidant enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) [ 17 , 58 ]. Recently, it has been reported that Nrf2 has a pivotal role in inflammation [ 59 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decreases of Nrf2 after exposure to DEP extracts (DEPe) maintained the LPS-induced IL-6 expression in macrophages [ 45 ]. ATX decreased LPS-induced Nrf2 mRNA expression, however, Nrf2 nuclear translocation was increased following ATX treatment in LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages [ 17 , 24 , 61 ]. These different cellular functions may be related to differences in the various regulatory pathways in these cell models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β′-carotene-4,4′-dione, ATX) is a natural xanthophyll carotenoid found in many marine organisms including Haematococcus pluvialis, Chlorella zofingiensis, Chlorococcum , and Phaffia rhodozyma [ 15 , 16 ]. It has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects [ 17 , 18 , 19 ], and the results from various experimental models have shown that these effects are associated with the reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals [ 17 , 20 ]. Owing to its multiple beneficial effects, ATX is under investigation for its protective effects against inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, diabetes, cardiovascular damage, neuronal damage, aging, and cancer [ 15 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Owing to its multiple beneficial effects, ATX is under investigation for its protective effects against inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses, diabetes, cardiovascular damage, neuronal damage, aging, and cancer [ 15 , 20 , 21 ]. In general, ATX exerts its anti-inflammatory function by reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines through the inhibition of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation [ 22 , 23 ], as well as its antioxidative effects via a NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated mechanism [ 17 , 24 ]. However, although ATX plays a critical role in the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammatory response, the effects of ATX on particulate matter-induced -microglial activation are yet to be determined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astaxanthin Suppresses PM2.5-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulating Akt Phosphorylation in BV-2 Microglial Cells

Kim

Shin

Han

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Air pollution has become one of the most serious issues for human health and has been shown to be particularly concerning for neural and cognitive health. Recent studies suggest that fine particulate matter of less than 2.5 (PM2.5), common in air pollution, can reach the brain, potentially resulting in the development and acceleration of various neurological disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other forms of dementia, but the underlying pathological mechanisms are not clear. Astaxanthin is a red-colored phytonutrient carotenoid that has been known for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we demonstrated that exposure to PM2.5 increases the neuroinflammation, the expression of proinflammatory M1, and disease-associated microglia (DAM) signature markers in microglial cells, and that treatment with astaxanthin can prevent the neurotoxic effects of this exposure through anti-inflammatory properties. Diesel particulate matter (Sigma-Aldrich) was used as a fine particulate matter 2.5 in the present study. Cultured rat glial cells and BV-2 microglial cells were treated with various concentrations of PM2.5, and then the expression of various inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways were measured using qRT-PCR and Western blot. Astaxanthin was then added and assayed as above to evaluate its effects on microglial changes, inflammation, and toxicity induced by PM2.5. PM2.5 increased the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species and upregulated the transcription of various proinflammatory markers including Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), Toll-like receptor 2/4 (TLR2/4), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in BV-2 microglial cells. However, the mRNA expression of IL-10 and arginase-1 decreased following PM2.5 treatment. PM2.5 treatment increased c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) phosphorylation and decreased Akt phosphorylation. Astaxanthin attenuated these PM2.5-induced responses, reducing transcription of the proinflammatory markers iNOS and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which prevented neuronal cell death. Our results indicate that PM2.5 exposure reformulates microglia via proinflammatory M1 and DAM phenotype, leading to neurotoxicity, and the fact that astaxanthin treatment can prevent neurotoxicity by inhibiting transition to the proinflammatory M1 and DAM phenotypes. These results demonstrate that PM2.5 exposure can induce brain damage through the change of proinflammatory M1 and DAM signatures in the microglial cells, as well as the fact that astaxanthin can have a potential beneficial effect on PM2.5 exposure of the brain.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Astaxanthin Suppresses PM2.5-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulating Akt Phosphorylation in BV-2 Microglial Cells

Kim

Shin

Han

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Kumar

Diksha

et al. 2021

J Basic Microbiol

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Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals.Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one-stage process or two-stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free-radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high-valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long-term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers.

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Effects of microencapsulation in dairy matrix on the quality characteristics and bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin

et al. 2022

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BACKGROUND Compared with free astaxanthin (Asta), docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin monoester (Asta‐C22:6) has higher stability and bioavailability. However, Asta‐E is still unable to be used in the water system. Hence it is necessary to build a water‐soluble delivery system. In this study, Asta‐C22:6 microemulsion and microcapsule using whey protein isolate (WPI) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβ‐CD) as composite wall material were prepared. They were added to three dairy products (milk powder, yogurt and flavored dairy product). A dairy product rich in Asta‐C22:6 with high bioavailability was designed by measuring quality characteristics, sensory evaluation and in vivo experiments. RESULTS Compared with spray drying, the freeze‐drying microcapsule had a higher encapsulation efficiency (72.5%), water content (4%) and better solubility, and Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule (1 g L−1) yogurt had the best quality. The bioavailability of Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule yogurt was further evaluated. After a single oral dose in mice, the bioavailability of Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule in yogurt was significantly increased (Cmax = 0.31 μg mL−1, AUC0–T = 3.20 h μg mL−1). CONCLUSION We successfully prepared Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule yogurt, which improved the stability and bioavailability of Asta. The present research is meaningful for delivering unstable bioactive small molecules based on WPI and HPβ‐CD. It provides an experimental basis for the application of Asta‐C22:6 and the development of functional dairy products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Astaxanthin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in macrophages in NRF2-dependent and independent manners

Cited by 93 publications

References 47 publications

Astaxanthin Suppresses PM2.5-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulating Akt Phosphorylation in BV-2 Microglial Cells

Astaxanthin Suppresses PM2.5-Induced Neuroinflammation by Regulating Akt Phosphorylation in BV-2 Microglial Cells

Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential

Effects of microencapsulation in dairy matrix on the quality characteristics and bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin

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