Associations of Calcium Intake and Physical Activity With Bone Density and Size in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography Study

Abstract

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the impact of long-term physical activity (PA) and calcium intake on non-weight-bearing radius and weight-bearing tibia. ). The distal end and shaft regions of the radius and tibia were evaluated with peripheral quantitative tomography (pQCT). For the shaft regions, bone mineral content (BMC), cortical cross-sectional area (CoA), cortical density (CoD), and bone strength index, that is, 1-11.9% of the density-weighted section modulus (BSI) were determined. For the distal ends, BMC, total cross-sectional area (ToA), trabecular density (TrD), and BSI were determined. The BMC at the distal radius in the young PA ؉ group was 6.6% (95% CI, 1-to 11.9%) lower than that of the PA ؊ group. A similar nonsignificant trend was found for the radial shaft. The radial shaft showed a mechanically more competent structure among the older subjects with a BSI 8.5% (95% CI, 1.8 -15.6%) higher in the older PA ؉ group than in the older PA ؊ group. The associations between calcium intake and the radial bone characteristics were systematically positive in both age groups. PA seemed to benefit the distal tibia. In the younger age group the TrD was 6.9% (95% CI, 1.8 -12.4%) higher in the PA ؉ group, and in the elderly the BMC was 5% (95% CI, 0.3-9.9%) higher in the PA ؉ group than in the PA ؊ group. Note that in the younger age group the ToA was 5.1% (95% CI, 0 -9.1%) smaller in the PA ؉ group than in the PA ؊ group, and in the older age group the ToA was 4.2% (95% CI, ؊0.3-8.9%) greater in the PA ؉ group than in the PA ؊ group. The association of PA and bone characteristics at the tibial shaft was positive in both age groups (statistically significant for the older subjects). The tibial shaft BSI of the older PA ؉ group was 8.6% (95% CI, 2.6 -14.9%) better than that of the old PA ؊ group. There was no association between calcium intake and the tibial bone characteristics in either age group. In conclusion, high calcium intake was positively associated with a mechanically competent structure in the radius among both younger and older women, whereas the influence of PA did not become apparent until older ages. PA seemed to benefit particularly the weight-bearing tibia, whereas calcium intake was not associated with the tibia. (J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:544 -552)

The effects of exercise and physical activity participation on bone mass and geometry in postmenopausal women: a systematic review of pQCT studies

“…Twelve studies met the necessary criteria for inclusion in our review [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]; four randomized controlled trials, one non-randomized trial, three cross-sectional studies, and four prospective cohort studies. These studies are summarized in Tables 1 through 3 according to study design. Sample sizes varied across studies ranging from 98 to 234 participants in the controlled trials, 126 to 239 participants in the cross-sectional studies, and 31 to 208 participants in the prospective investigations.…”

“…Cross-sectional and prospective studies reported on associations between exercise participation and bone outcomes, and for the most part also adjusted for pertinent confounders (all of the cross-sectional studies and two of the prospective studies [15,21]). Eight of 12 studies assessed postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 71 years [12,13,[18][19][20][21][22][23]. One study included postmenopausal women under the age of 50 years [14] and three studies examined a more elderly population (women over the age of 72 years) [15][16][17].…”

“…One study included postmenopausal women under the age of 50 years [14] and three studies examined a more elderly population (women over the age of 72 years) [15][16][17]. Three studies were in Asian women (two in Hong Kong Chinese women [13,18], one in Japanese women [14]), six studies were in Finnish women [15,16,[20][21][22][23], one study was in Italian women [12], and two were in North American women (one in American women [19] and one in Canadian women [17]). Years since menopause (YSM) ranged from less than 10 years in five studies [13,14,[18][19][20] to 10 and 20 years in four studies [12,[21][22][23], and greater than 29 years in one study [17].…”

Study of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3concentration according to the Hepatitis B virus

“…, [6]. 골다공증 예방 법으로 적당량의 칼슘섭취 및 영양소를 섭취하면서 적절 한 체중부하 운동을 평생 지속하는 것이 가장 현실적인 접근이며 [7] 이차성 부갑상선 기능항진증은 골이영양증 의 발생에 관여한다 [8].…”

Einfluss von körperlicher Aktivität und Sport auf die Knochengesundheit im Lebenslauf

“…Vor allem im Rahmen von Interventionsstudien wurden die Studienteilnehmer nur über wenige Jahre aktiv verfolgt. In Beobachtungsstudien erfolgte auch häufig nur eine retrospektive Querschnittsbefragung, in der die vergangene KA sowie die Durchführung bestimmter Sportarten bis zurück in das Kindes-und Jugendalter erfasst wurde [1,13,44,55,64,67,95,98]. Allerdings zeigten die Studien unterschiedliche Ergebnisse.…”