Associations between dietary patterns and obesity phenotypes

Abstract

Objective: To examine whether dietary patterns are associated with obesity phenotypes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects: We recruited 664 participants aged between 18 and 55 years. Dietary data were collected from a food frequency questionnaire. A factor analysis was performed to derive dietary patterns. Body mass index (BMI), weight and waist girth were recorded using standard procedures. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by electrical bioimpedance. Obesity was defined as having a BMIX30 kg m À2 and a positive FHO (FHO þ ) as having at least one obese first-degree relative. Results: Two dietary patterns were identified; Western and Prudent. The Western pattern was mainly characterized by a higher consumption of refined grains, French fries, red meats, condiments, processed meats and regular soft drinks whereas the Prudent pattern was mainly characterized by a higher consumption of non-hydrogenated fat, vegetables, eggs and fish and seafood. Subjects in the top tertile of the Western pattern had higher BMI, weight, waist girth, waist-to-hip ratio and fat mass than those in the lower tertile. In contrast, subjects in the top tertile of the Prudent pattern had lower BMI, weight, waist girth, fat mass, HDL-cholesterol levels, and lower triglyceride levels than those in the lowest tertile. Individuals in the upper tertile of the Western pattern were more likely to be obese (obesity was defined as having a BMIX30 kg m À2 ) (OR ¼ 1.82, 95% CI 1.16-2.87) whereas those in the upper tertile of the Prudent pattern were less likely to be obese (OR ¼ 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.96). These latter significant associations were only observed among those with FHO þ . No such association was observed among FHOÀ individuals. Conclusion: Individuals having a high score of Western pattern were more likely to be obese and those having a high score of the Prudent pattern were less likely to be obese, and this is particularly among individuals with an FHO þ .

Nutrient patterns and their relation to general and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults: findings from the SEPAHAN study

“…In contrast to free sugars, there is a controversy about the association between starch consumption and obesity among studies because starch is a complex carbohydrate mostly present in solid foods with fiber and other food components [34,44]. The combination of obesity-inducing nutrients and those protecting against body fat accumulation in this nutrient pattern makes interpretation somewhat difficult; however, taken together, our findings on the association between nutrient patterns and obesity support previous findings on the link between dietary patterns and obesity [45][46][47], and underline the validity of the nutrient pattern approach in assessing diet-disease relations. Furthermore, our findings indicate that complex, previously unrecognized, interactions may take place between highly loaded nutrients (both obesity-inducing and protective) that require much further research.…”

Association between yogurt consumption, dietary patterns, and cardio-metabolic risk factors

“…However, both expert opinion on healthy foods and the food consumption patterns of healthy eaters are influenced not only by nutritional characteristics of foods but also by individual, socioeconomic, and cultural considerations [37, [12] identified class of foods based on their nutrient profiles, and yogurt was included in "Class 1" containing the healthiest food choices alongside with fruits and vegetables. Paradis et al [15] have identified two dietary patterns using a 91-item FFQ, the Prudent and the Western dietary patterns, and have identified regular dairy products (including high-fat yogurt) as being part of the Prudent dietary pattern. The same research group has also shown that individuals having a high score of the Prudent pattern were less likely to be obese and in the opposite, those having a high score of Western pattern were more likely to be obese [15].…”

“…Paradis et al [15] have identified two dietary patterns using a 91-item FFQ, the Prudent and the Western dietary patterns, and have identified regular dairy products (including high-fat yogurt) as being part of the Prudent dietary pattern. The same research group has also shown that individuals having a high score of the Prudent pattern were less likely to be obese and in the opposite, those having a high score of Western pattern were more likely to be obese [15]. In the present study, yogurt (all types, independently of their fat content) was a contributor to the Prudent dietary pattern and consumers had a positive Prudent dietary pattern score, while the opposite was demonstrated in non-consumers.…”

“…All the information was compiled, and similar food items from the FFQ were grouped, thus forming thirty-eight food groups. Food groups were previously described by Paradis et al [15], but yogurt was disseminated into two different categories (fat-free and low-fat yogurts were under the "reduced-or low-fat dairy products," and high-fat yogurts were under "regular dairy products"). In order to be able to see more realistic assumptions between yogurt consumption and metabolic health, all yogurt categories were grouped together, thus forming a brand new food group.…”

Associations between Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Fatty Acid Metabolism and Dietary Fat Intakes

“…None of the participants were excluded. Recruitment occurred between 2004 and 2006 through public advertisements (local newspapers and electronic messages) sent to university and hospital employees, as described previously [54]. A trained research assistant took anthropometric measures [54].…”