Association of treadmill upper airway endoscopic evaluation with results of ultrasonography and resting upper airway endoscopic evaluation

Garrett, Katie; Woodie, J. Brett; Embertson, R. M.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00216.x

Cited by 44 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Since this study was performed, Garrett et al . have demonstrated agreement between abnormal arytenoid movements based on the endoscopy and the relative echogenicity of the CALM, with those horses more severely affected having increased echogenicity of the muscle. In man, pathological ultrasound changes have been identified in muscle as early as 10 days following acute denervation , with affected muscles showing a progressive increase in ultrasound echogenicity with disease chronicity .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: Technique and safety in horses

O’Neill

Ballegeer

Feijter-Rupp

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: Technique and safety in horses

O’Neill

Ballegeer

Feijter-Rupp

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…I find it most useful to use the split screen feature of the ultrasound machine and directly subjectively compare the echogenicity of the musculature of the left and right sides of the larynx while keeping machine settings constant. Subjective comparison of echogenicity has been shown to be a reliable method of diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal neuropathy in naturally occurring disease using observers blinded to the results of dynamic upper airway examination (Garrett and others 2011, Chalmers and others 2016). In my opinion, subjective comparison is sufficient in clinical practice, although quantitative methods have been used to compare muscle echogenicity as well (Chalmers and others 2016).…”

Section: Clinical Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjective assessment of musculature echogenicity has a sensitivity of 90 to 95 per cent and a specificity of 95 to 98 per cent for the diagnosis of abnormal arytenoid movement during dynamic endoscopy (Garrett and others 2011, Chalmers and others 2016). Laryngeal ultrasonography is particularly useful in horses with Havemeyer grade II or III resting arytenoid movement on resting endoscopy which are not able to undergo dynamic endoscopy.…”

Section: Clinical Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography of the larynx in horses: an update

Garrett¹

2018

In Practice

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Laryngeal ultrasonography is a useful adjunctive diagnostic technique for investigation of upper airway disorders in horses. A transcutaneous examination can be completed using equipment that is widely available to the practitioner and adds minimal time to the examination. Characteristic ultrasonographic findings of conditions such as recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, arytenoid chondritis and congenital malformations have been documented. Although upper airway endoscopy should remain the cornerstone of investigation of these disorders, ultrasonography provides additional clinically relevant information.

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“…In affected animals, primary axonopathy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve leads to secondary neurogenic atrophy and dysfunction of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The use of ultrasound to assess the laryngeal muscles in horses has emerged as a more accurate technique than resting functional assessment using upper airway endoscopy for diagnosis . Furthermore, the use of quantitative ultrasonography appears to allow stratification of disease severity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonography detects early laryngeal muscle atrophy in an equine neurectomy model

et al. 2016

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Introduction: A unilateral neurectomy model was used to study the relationship between histologic and ultrasonographic tissue characteristics during muscle atrophy over time. Methods:In vivo experimental study in equine model (n=28). Mean pixel intensity of ultrasonographic images was measured, a muscle appearance grade was assigned weekly, and muscles were harvested from 4-32 weeks. Minimum fiber diameter, fiber density per unit area, percent collagen, percent fat, and fiber type profile were measured from muscle cryosections and correlated with the ultrasonographic parameters.Results: A significant relationship was identified between collagen content, minimum fiber diameter, and ultrasonographic muscle appearance as early as 8 weeks. There was no apparent association between fat content of muscle and the ultrasonographic appearance of atrophy prior to 28 weeks in this model. Discussion:Early muscle atrophy prior to fatty infiltration is detectable with ultrasound.The effect of muscle collagen content on echointensity may be mediated by reduced fiber diameter.Keywords: muscle, atrophy, ultrasound, larynx, histology Muscle & NerveThis article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. Introduction:Diagnostic imaging modalities are at the forefront of the emerging field of non-invasive tissue characterization and offer expanding potential as a non-invasive way to assess muscle. There is need for detailed study of the relationship between the histologic and ultrasonographic findings of muscle tissue in health and disease. In neuropathic conditions, the ultrasonographic appearance of muscle has been characterized as having increased echogenicity, while with certain myopathies no such change is observed.1 The reason(s) for altered appearance of muscle under conditions of neurogenic atrophy are understood incompletely. Several authors have hypothesized that the increase in echogenicity is the result of fat and fibrous tissue infiltration. 2-5Isolated attempts have been made to correlate muscle echogenicity and histologic parameters with mixed results; the relative effects of fat and collagen content have been inconsistent in the models studied.Muscle biopsy, together with functional assessment tests, genetic testing, and/or electrodiagnosis, is the gold standard diagnostic test for many neuromuscular conditions. However, there are certain clinical situations in which biopsy, direct functional assessment, and electrodiagnosis can be neither practical nor desirable.These include situations where: 1) muscles have limited anatomic access, such as ocular muscles; 2) muscles are very small and make biopsy difficult or excessively invasive; 3) muscles could become unduly scarred by the procedure, thereby influencing muscle function; 4) muscles have already been biopsied and require noninvasive monitoring over time; 5) situations in which electrodiagnostics are undesirable for technical, anatomical, or patient-related reasons. Therefore, the use of non-invasive Muscle & NerveThis article is protected by copyright. All...

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Association of treadmill upper airway endoscopic evaluation with results of ultrasonography and resting upper airway endoscopic evaluation

Abstract: Ultrasonography is a valuable addition to the diagnostic evaluation of the equine UA.

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

Ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: Technique and safety in horses

Ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle: Technique and safety in horses

Ultrasonography of the larynx in horses: an update

Ultrasonography detects early laryngeal muscle atrophy in an equine neurectomy model

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