“…Many reports have discussed the relationship between mucosal cytokine expression in the colonic mucosa of patients with active UC and its pathogenesis, 21 and few reports have analyzed cytokine expression in the mucosa endoscopically, such as MES 0, during deep remission. The 22 cytokines that we analyzed in this study, including TNF‐α, 22 IFN‐γ, 23 IL‐1β 24 , IL‐2, 24 IL‐4, 25 IL‐5, 26 IL‐6, 27 IL‐7, 28 IL‐8, 29,30 IL‐9, 31 IL‐10, 32 IL‐12, 11,33 IL‐13, 34 IL‐15, 35 IL‐17A, 36 IL‐17F 38 , IL‐18, 37 IL‐21, 38 IL‐22, 39 IL‐23, 40 IL‐27, 41 and IL‐33, 42 have been previously reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of UC. Among these cytokines, the expression of 10 cytokines including IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐15, IL‐17A, IL‐21, IL‐23, and IL‐33 significantly increased in the rectal mucosa of patients with UC who showed subsequent relapse compared with remission in the present study.…”