Association of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis with Interleukin‐4 and Interleukin‐4 Receptor α Polymorphisms

Abstract

The association of variants of genes encoding interleukin (IL)-4 and the IL-4 receptor alpha chain (IL-4Ralpha) with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis was examined in hospitalized infants. Polymorphisms in IL-4 (C-590T) and IL-4Ralpha (I50V and Q551R) were genotyped by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. Control subjects included parents of the hospitalized children (for the transmission/disequilibrium test), and a random population sample (for the case-control study). Results were also analyzed in a combination of these 2 tests, using Fisher's method. The IL-4 590T allele was found more frequently among children hospitalized with RSV than expected in the case-control (odds ratio [OR], 1.43; P=.04) and combination (OR, 1.41; P=.02) tests. Among children who were >6 months old when they were hospitalized, compared with the control group or with the <6 months old who were hospitalized for RSV infection, higher frequencies of both the IL-4 590T allele and the IL-4Ralpha R551 allele were found. These results indicate that gain-of-function variants of T helper type 2 cytokine genes may play a role in increasing the severity of RSV disease, which appears more pronounced after the first half-year of life.

Genetic variations in regulatory pathways of fatty acid and glucose metabolism are associated with obesity phenotypes: a population-based cohort study

“…DNA was extracted using a salting out method as described by Hoebee et al 28 Selection of candidate genes and SNPs Candidate genes were selected by a pathway-driven approach based on literature, with emphasis on regulatory Candidate gene pathways and obesity SW van den Berg et al pathways that control fatty acid, glucose, cholesterol and bile salt homeostasis. 25 The selection procedure started from the master regulator genes encoding nuclear receptors (PPARs, LXR, FXR (NR1H4)) and transcription factors (SREBPs) and continued by selecting their co-activators, corepressors and target genes.…”

Association of TGF-&amp;#946;1, CD14, IL-4, IL-4R and ADAM33 gene polymorphisms with asthma severity in children and adolescents

“…O alelo IL4-590T foi associado com asma, rinite e atopia em um estudo com crianças com risco para doenças alérgicas 19 . Os métodos, as seqüências de primers e as enzimas de restrição utilizadas, bem como o tamanho dos fragmentos gerados pelos polimorfismos [34][35][36][37] dos genes TGF-β 1 , CD14, IL-4, IL-4R, ADAM33, estão descritos na Tabela 1.…”

Combining the transmission disequilibrium test and case–control methodology using generalized logistic regression

“…Also, stratification, that is, a mismatch between cases and controls, for example, due to the two groups containing different mixes of ethnic groups, should be avoided. In our example, 20 the available control group was entirely ethnically 'Dutch', whereas among the affected children some were of foreign or mixed descent with the HWE assumption almost certainly not true. In the likelihood approach, inclusion of 'foreign' (ie not from population P) triplets is not allowed, or should be taken into account by including additional parameters, for example, p 1 and p 2 representing allele frequencies in (at least) two different populations.…”

“…Details of this study have been published elsewhere. 20 Briefly, parents of all children were approached for permission to enroll their children and were requested to send some scrapings from their oral mucous membrane for DNA testing. In addition, 447 random population controls were also genotyped in order to increase the power of the study by adding a CC component to the study, and to obtain background information on the population frequency of risk alleles.…”