Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents’ Eating Behaviors and Health

Boyland, Emma; McGale, Lauren; Maden, Michelle; Hounsome, Juliet; Boland, Angela; Angus, Kathryn; Jones, Andrew

doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1037

Cited by 80 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Since our analysis was a content analysis, it is impossible to make any statements about possible effects. However, the current empirical evidence tells a relatively clear story regarding the dominance of nutritionally poor foods in the digital food environment of children and their food preferences [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. As pointed out by the Ending Childhood Obesity report in 2016 [ 61 ], marketing of unhealthy foods and sugar-sweetened beverages has a clear link to childhood obesity, according to the unequivocal evidence [ 62 , 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Media presentation of food and beverages is an integral part of our lives, and the types of foods we are exposed to shape our preferences and eating behaviours. In fact, there is ample evidence that food advertising and representations are associated with specific brands or food choices (see [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] for recent reviews and meta analyses). This is even more true when viewers are children, and the food depicted is high in fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS), even more so when viewers are already prone to unhealthy eating habits [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Promotion of Food and Beverages by German-Speaking Influencers Popular with Adolescents on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram

Winzer

Naderer

Klein

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The promotion of nutritionally poor food and beverages (F&B) has a proven effect on children’s eating preferences and, therefore, plays a significant role in today’s childhood obesity epidemic. This study’s objective was to assess the prevalence (exposure) and context (power) of the F&B cues in influencer content across three platforms: TikTok, YouTube, and Instagram. The selected influencers were popular with adolescents, with a combined total of more than 34 million followers/subscribers. We employed the YouTube Influencer Marketing Protocol from the World Health Organization (WHO) as our basis for coding. We analysed a total of 360 videos/posts and, of these, 24% contained F&B cues, which is equivalent to 18.1 F&B cues/hour. In total, 77% of the cues were not permitted for children’s advertising, according to WHO criteria, and this was stable across all platforms, with chocolate and sugary confectionery (23%) as the most frequently featured products. Not-permitted F&B had a four-times higher chance of being branded, a five-times higher chance of being described positively, and received significantly more ‘likes’. In 62% of the analysed presentations, the branded product was mentioned, yet only 6% of the content was labelled as advertising. The present analysis delivers further grounds for discussion for policies and regulations of influencer marketing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promotion of Food and Beverages by German-Speaking Influencers Popular with Adolescents on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram

Winzer

Naderer

Klein

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Some foods that do not comply with the 3-year-old food regulations specifically target children. The role of advertising in children's food consumption is widely acknowledged (75,(84)(85)(86). In Spain, among 300 food campaigns (2016-2018), 47% of the products viewed by children aged 4-12 years were ranked in the N-S groups D or E (85).…”

Section: Most Foods Specifically Targeting Children Do Not Have a Hea...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutri‐Score

Chouraqui

Dupont

Briend

et al. 2022

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is one of the top priorities of public health policies worldwide. One of the recognized means of achieving this objective is to improve the diet quality. The Nutri-Score (N-S) is a [five-color—A, B, C, D, E letters] front-of-pack labeling logo intended to help consumers quickly identify the healthier prepackaged foods within a food category. Available studies have shown that the N-S is an efficient tool to achieve this aim in terms of consumers’ awareness, perception, understanding, and purchasing and that its use may help to reduce the prevalence of NCDs. The N-S is currently implemented on a voluntary basis in 7 European countries and a discussion is underway within the European Commission to achieve a harmonized mandatory label. However, no study on the putative impact of the N-S on children’s dietary patterns and health is available. The N-S is not applicable to infants’ and young children’s formulas and to specific baby foods, the compositions of which are already laid down in European Union regulations. The N-S does not replace age-appropriate dietary guidelines. As children consume an increasing number of adult type and processed foods, the relevance of the N-S for children should be evaluated considering the children’s high specific requirements, especially in younger children. This is especially necessary for fitting fat and iron requirements, whereas protein-rich foods should be better framed. Moreover, efforts should be made to inform on how to use the N-S and in education on healthy diets.

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“…Food advertisements across a variety of entertainment platforms typically feature energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, (1) and exposure to this type of advertising has been associated with poorer dietary behaviors and an elevated body mass index (BMI) in young people. (2)(3)(4) The advent of social media has increased the presence of advertising, particularly among youth. (5) Similar to food marketing in offline contexts, online marketing has been shown to have adverse health and behavioral consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

User engagement with a popular food brand before, during and after a multi-day interactive marketing campaign on a popular live streaming platform

Haushalter

Pritschet

Long

et al. 2023

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Assess viewer engagement of a food advertising campaign on the livestreaming platform Twitch.tv, a social media platform that allows creators to livestream content and communicate with their audience in real-time. Design: Observational analysis of chat comments across the Twitch platform containing the word “Wendy’s” or “Wendys” during a 5-day ad campaign compared to two 5-day non-campaign time periods. Comments were categorized as positive, negative, or neutral in how their sentiment pertained to the brand Wendy’s. Setting: Twitch chatrooms. Participants: None. Results: There were significantly more chatroom messages related to the Wendy’s brand during the campaign period. When considering all messages, the proportion of messages was statistically different (x2=1417.41, p <0.001) across time periods with a higher proportion of neutral and positive messages and a lower proportion of negative messages during the campaign compared to the comparison periods. Additionally, the proportion of negative messages following the campaign was lower than before the campaign. When considering only positive and negative messages, the proportion of messages was statistically different (x2=366.38, p <0.001) across each time period with a higher proportion of positive messages and a lower proportion of negative messages during the campaign when compared to the other time periods. Additionally, there was a higher proportion of positive messages and a lower portion of negative messages following the campaign when compared to before the campaign. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the impact and sustained impact of a fast-food brand ad campaign on brand engagement on the livestreaming platform Twitch.

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Association of Food and Nonalcoholic Beverage Marketing With Children and Adolescents’ Eating Behaviors and Health

Abstract: This systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the association of food and nonalcoholic beverage marketing with behavioral and health outcomes in children and adolescents.

Cited by 80 publications

References 133 publications

Promotion of Food and Beverages by German-Speaking Influencers Popular with Adolescents on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram

Promotion of Food and Beverages by German-Speaking Influencers Popular with Adolescents on TikTok, YouTube and Instagram

Nutri‐Score

User engagement with a popular food brand before, during and after a multi-day interactive marketing campaign on a popular live streaming platform

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