Association of air pollution with daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory conditions in London

Hajat, Shakoor; Haines, Andy; Goubet, Stephanie; Atkinson, Richard; Anderson, Hugh

doi:10.1136/thx.54.7.597

Cited by 165 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A significant correlation was noted between air pollution in the province and the number of asthma cases [40]. In an analysis conducted on adults and children in London, it was shown that PM10 and SO 2 had strong effects on asthma and other lower respiratory tract diseases [41]. In our study, the findings revealed an increasing linear relationship between the levels of PM10 and SO 2 and the number of patient admissions for COPD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

To Investigate the Effects of Air Pollution (PM10 and SO2) on the Respiratory Diseases Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

et al. 2017

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OBJECTIVES:Effects of air pollution parameters of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM10) values on the respiratory system were investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS:Data of SO 2 and PM10 were obtained daily for air pollution and classified into two groups: Group I (2006Group I ( -2007, coal burning years and Group II (2008II ( -2009, natural gas+ coal burning. Groups I and II were divided into two subgroups according to the months of combustion as combustible (November-April) and noncombustible (May-October). The number of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) was recorded between 2006 and 2009. RESULTS:There was no statistically significant difference between Groups I and II for PM10 and SO 2 (p>0.05). Within the years, the values of SO 2 and PM10 were statistically different between the groups defined by month (p<0.01). The number of patients in the combustible and noncombustible subgroups were found to be different for every 4 years, and the numbers of patients with COPD or asthma were not changed through the years. There was a strong correlation between PM10 and COPD (r=0.59, p<0.01) and a weak correlation between PM10 and asthma (r=0.25, p>0.05). A correlation was found between SO 2 and COPD (p<0.01) but not between SO 2 and asthma (p>0.05). The number of visits for COPD and asthma was statistically different between combustible and noncombustible subgroups (X2:58.61, p=0.000; X2:34.55, p=0.000, respectively). The r2 values for SO 2 and PM10 for COPD patients were 17% and 24%, respectively, in contrast to 8% and 5%, respectivley for asthma patients. CONCLUSION:Air pollution is known to increase respiratory disease occurrences. With decrease in the usage of solid fuel, air pollution could be reduced and may be effective in preventing respiratory diseases. KEYWORDS:Air pollution, respiratory system disease, PM10, SO 2 , asthma, COPD INTRODUCTIONInhalation of toxic particles and gases increases epithelial permeability, which is one of natural defense mechanisms of the lungs; decreases mucociliary activity; and depresses macrophage functions. These substances render toxic effects in healthy or unhealthy individuals and can be a component of molecular events that commonly develop [1]. In vitro experimental studies conducted on humans and animals showed that the damages caused increased inflammatory cellular activation (e.g., neutrophils, T lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells), increased production of inflammatory cell proteins (cytokines and chemokines), increased oxidative stress with free radical formation [2] (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals), and decreased antioxidant enzyme levels (glutathione transferase and superoxide dismutase) [3].Several studies have shown that particulate matter (PM) in the air affect short-and long-term health. In many studies, there is evidence of effects of PM10 and PM2.5 (PM diameter of 10 or 2.5 µm) on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and on the increased rate of hospitalization [4]. Stud...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

To Investigate the Effects of Air Pollution (PM10 and SO2) on the Respiratory Diseases Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

et al. 2017

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“…For example, it is likely that persons with private health insurance are also affected by air pollution, but can afford to visit a private physician before the effects become more severe to necessitate a hospital admission. Indeed, recent papers have reported air pollution associations with doctors' visits among the general population (24,25). Unfortunately, private doctor visits counts are not publicly available for New York City, so we could not test for wider, less severe, effects in this population as part of this work.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities.

Gwynn

Thurston

2001

Environ Health Perspect

108

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Various epidemiologic investigations have shown that ambient air pollution levels are associated with acute increases in hospital admissions and mortality in the United States and abroad. The objectives of this investigation were a) to determine if racial minorities are more adversely affected by ambient air pollution than their white counterparts and b) to assess the contribution of socioeconomic status to any observed racial differences in pollution effect. Time-series regression methods were conducted to investigate these hypotheses for daily respiratory hospital admissions in New York City, New York. Pollutants considered included mean daily levels of particulate matter with a mass median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 microm (PM(10), ozone (O3), strong aerosol acidity (H+), and sulfates (SO4(2). The relative risk for respiratory hospital admission was calculated for each pollutant for a maximum minus mean increment in mean daily pollutant concentration. The greatest difference between the white and nonwhite subgroups was observed for O(3), where the white relative risk (RR) was 1.032 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.977-1.089] and the nonwhite RR was 1.122 (95%CI: 1.074-1.172). Although not statistically different from each other, the various pollutants' RR estimates for the Hispanic nonwhite category in New York City were generally larger in magnitude than those for the non-Hispanic white group. When these analyses incorporated differences in the underlying respiratory hospitalization rates across races (that for nonwhites, was roughly twice that for whites), the disparities in attributable risks from pollution (in terms of excess admissions per day per million persons) were even larger for nonwhites versus whites. However, when insurance status was used as an indicator of socioeconomic/health coverage status, higher RRs were indicated for the poor/working poor (i.e., those on Medicaid and the uninsured) than for those who were economically better off (i.e., the privately insured), even among non-Hispanic whites. Thus, although potential racial differences in pollution exposures could not be explored as a factor, within-race analyses suggested that most of the apparent differences in air pollutant effects found across races were explained by socioeconomic and/or health care disparities.

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“…Another study revealed increased effects of NO2 when other pollutants were included in the models (Sunyer et al (1997)). The debate continues, although recent studies have again found effects of NO2 , Hajat et al (1999), Garcia et al (2000)). …”

Section: Urban Air Quality Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

Colvile

Hutchinson

Mindell

et al. 2001

Atmospheric Environment

593

228

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Transport first became a significant source of air pollution after the problems of sooty smog from coal combustion had largely been solved in western European and North American cities. Since then, emissions from road, air, rail and water transport have been partly responsible for acid deposition, stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change. Most recently, road traffic exhaust emissions have been the cause of much concern about the effects of urban air quality on human health and tropospheric ozone production. This article considers the variety of transport impacts on the atmospheric environment by reviewing three examples: urban road traffic and human health, aircraft emissions and global atmospheric change, and the contribution of sulphur emissions from ships to acid deposition. Each example has associated with it a different level of uncertainty, such that a variety of policy responses to the problems are appropriate, from adaptation through precautionary emissions abatement to cost-benefit analysis and optimised abatement. There is some evidence that the current concern over the transport contribution to urban air quality is justified, but aircraft emissions should also give cause for concern given that air traffic is projected to continue to increase. Emissions from road traffic are being reduced substantially by the introduction of technology especially three-way catalysts and also, most recently, by local traffic reduction measures especially in western European cities. In developing countries and Eastern Europe, however, there remains the possibility of great increase in car ownership and use, and it remains to be seen whether these countries will adopt measures now to prevent transport-related air pollution problems becoming severe later in the 21 st century.Key words: Vehicle emissions, Aerosol urban, Health impact, Ship emissions, Aircraft emissions 1 Introduction Transport is widely recognised to be a significant and increasing source of air pollution world wide. Several previous reviews have focused on individual modes of transport and/or single environmental impacts of transport. For example, OECD (1988) briefly considers regional and global impacts of transport emissions of air pollution, but is mostly concerned with the impact of emissions on local urban air quality, and considers only road transport. The Third International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (Joumard, 1996) also has an emphasis on road traffic and urban air quality, but the Special Edition of Science of the Total Environment presenting highlights of the symposium also includes a few papers covering air and sea transport. Joumard comments on the value of the contributions from developing countries including Africa and Latin America; a review of road transport emissions and their impact on the environment at all scales from local to global was also published a couple of years earlier by Faiz (1993). One of the most comprehensive recent reviews of the environmental impacts of transport is that of the Royal Commi...

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Association of air pollution with daily GP consultations for asthma and other lower respiratory conditions in London

Cited by 165 publications

References 12 publications

To Investigate the Effects of Air Pollution (PM10 and SO2) on the Respiratory Diseases Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

To Investigate the Effects of Air Pollution (PM10 and SO2) on the Respiratory Diseases Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities.

The transport sector as a source of air pollution

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