Association of Adra2b Polymorphism With Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Native Population of Mountain Shoria

Мулерова, Т. А.; Янкин, Артём Юрьевич; Рубцова, Е В; Кузьмина, А. А.; Орлов, П. С.; Татарникова, Н. П.; Максимов, В. Н.; Воевода, М. И.; Огарков, Михаил Юрьевич

doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2015-2-29-34

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…-65% in European groups, and 55% -75% in East Asian groups (Belfer et al, 2005;Cousijn et al, 2010;de Quervain et al, 2007;Fridman et al, 2012;Ishii et al, 2015;Mulerova et al, 2015;Small & Liggett, 2001;Suzuki et al, 2003;Zhang et al, 2005).…”

Section: Feeling Empathy For Non-kinmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia

Fröst¹

2020

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Kinship was the organizing principle of early societies, defining how people should behave toward each other. Social and economic activity was thus organized mostly among closely related individuals, a limitation that would keep societies from realizing their full potential as they grew larger. The "large society problem" has not been fully solved anywhere, but Northwest Europeans and East Asians have gone the farthest toward a solution. In general, the solution has been to weaken the relative importance of kinship and strengthen forms of sociality that can include everyone, and not just close kin. In particular, one must think and feel in certain ways, i.e., be susceptible to social norms that are absolute, universal, and independent of kinship; feel guilty after breaking social norms; feel empathy for non-kin; and orient oneself toward society. This mindset shows similarities and differences between Northwest Europeans and East Asians. Both groups adapted to a larger social environment by becoming more empathetic toward non-kin and more susceptible to universal social norms. Northwest Europeans became more individualistic while acquiring stronger internal controls of behavior (affective empathy, guilt proneness). East Asians became more collectivistic while acquiring stronger internal controls (cognitive empathy) and stronger external controls (shaming, family-community surveillance, inculcation of normative behavior).

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Section: Feeling Empathy For Non-kinmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia

Fröst¹

2020

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The Hajnal Line and Gene-Culture Coevolution in Northwest Europe

Fröst¹

2017

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North and west of a line running from Trieste to St. Petersburg, social relations have long conformed to the Western European Marriage Pattern, i.e., men and women marry relatively late; many people never marry; children usually leave the nuclear family to form new households, and households often have non-kin members. This pattern goes back at least to the thirteenth century and perhaps to prehistoric times. I argue that this environment of weaker kinship caused northwest Europeans to create communities based on shared moral rules, rather than shared kinship. Community members enforced these rules by monitoring not only the behavior of other members but also their own behavior and even their own thoughts. Initially, this new mindset did not have a genetic basis. Individuals acquired it within the bounds of phenotypic plasticity. Over time, however, a genetic basis would have developed through the survival and reproduction of individuals who were better at being socially independent, at obeying universal rules, at monitoring other community members, and at self-monitoring, self-judging, and self-punishing. These psychological adaptations-independent social orientation, universal rule adherence, affective empathy, guilt proneness-are moderately to highly heritable. Although they are complex, they required only minor evolutionary changes to evolve out of mechanisms that were already present but limited to specific behavioral contexts. Affective empathy, for instance, is a species-wide trait but usually confined to relations with close kin, particularly between a mother and her young children. An evolutionary scenario is proposed, and two questions discussed. Are these mental traits too complex to have evolved over a span of 30 to 300 generations? Are they too altruistic to be sustainable?

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Association of Adra2b Polymorphism With Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Native Population of Mountain Shoria

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia

The Large Society Problem in Northwest Europe and East Asia

The Hajnal Line and Gene-Culture Coevolution in Northwest Europe

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