“…Multiple covariates were obtained from interviews and examinations [ 16 ], including age, race (Mexican American, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White, other Hispanic, and other races), education level (less than 12th grade, high school graduate, and college graduate), family income-to-poverty ratio (<1.3, 1.3–3.5 and >3.5), marital status, body mass index (BMI, weight/height 2 , kg/m 2 ), smoking history, alcohol consumption history (<1 drink per week, 1–3 drinks per week, and >4 or more drinks per week), moderate recreational activity, vigorous recreational activity, DM, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. Moderate recreational activity was determined by the question “In a typical week do you do any moderate-intensity sports, fitness, or recreational activities that cause a small increase in breathing or heart rate such as brisk walking, bicycling, swimming, or golf for at least 10 min continuously?“.…”