Association between retinal thickness and disease characteristics in adult epilepsy: A cross‐sectional OCT evaluation

Abstract

ObjectiveThinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (p‐RNFL), as measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), was recently introduced as a promising marker for cerebral neuronal loss in people with epilepsy (PwE). However, its clinical implication remains to be elucidated. We thus aimed to (1) systematically characterize the extent of the retinal neuroaxonal loss in a broad spectrum of unselected PwE and (2) to evaluate the main clinical determinants.MethodsIn this prospective study, a spectral‐domain OCT evaluation was performed on 98 well‐characterized PwE and 85 healthy controls (18‐55 years of age). All inner retinal layers and the total macula volume were assessed. Group comparisons and linear regression analyses with stepwise backwards selection were performed to identify relevant clinical and demographic modulators of the retinal neuroaxonal integrity.ResultsPwE (age: 33.7±10.6 years; 58.2% female) revealed a significant neuroaxonal loss across all assessed retinal layers (global pRNFL, p=0.001, Δ=4.24μm; macular RNFL, p<0.001, Δ=0.05mm3; ganglion cell inner plexiform layer, GCIP, p<0.001, Δ=0.11mm3; inner nuclear layer, INL, p=0.03, Δ=0.02mm3) as well as significantly reduced total macula volumes (TMV, p<0.001, Δ=0.18mm3) compared to healthy controls (age: 31.2±9.0 years; 57.6% female). The extent of retinal neuroaxonal loss was associated with the occurrence and frequency of tonic‐clonic seizures and the number of anti‐seizure medications, and was most pronounced in male patients.SignificancePwE presented an extensive retinal neuroaxonal loss, affecting not only the peripapillary but also macular structures. The non‐invasive and economic measurement via OCT bears the potential to establish as a practical tool to inform patient management, as the extent of the retinal neuroaxonal loss reflects aspects of disease severity and sex‐specific vulnerability.