Assessment of the Impact of Wild Stinkhorn Mushroom Extracts on Different Cancer Cell Proliferation and Study of Primary Metabolites

Abstract

Cancer is identified as the first or second leading cause of death in 91 to 172 countries and it is also ranked as third and fourth in an additional 22 countries 1,2 . Cancer is one of the major public health problem and the second leading cause of death in the United States 3 . It has been estimated that in 2020, 1,806,590 new cancer cases may occur in United States and among them 606,520 cancer death has been projected 3 . In India cancer is ranked as second leading cause of death in the urban area and placed at fourth in rural areas 4 . In India, 1.15 million new cancer patients were recorded in 2018, and it is predicted to almost double by 2040 4 . Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and it may appear in different forms such as lung, breast, colon, skin, blood cancer etc. 5 . In India, it is now cause of catastrophic health spending, calamity financing and rising expenditure before death [4][5][6][7][8] . The invasiveness and mortality rate of the cancer vary among different forms, lung cancer is highly fatal with a very high death rate of 70%, followed by colon cancer and breast cancer 5 .The most commonly used potential strategy for treating cancer is the use of various chemotherapeutic drugs along with radiotherapy 9 . Chemotherapeutic drug should be target specific to cancer cells, and should not affect the normal cells. But most of the chemotherapeutic drugs available in the market, show various adverse effects on the normal cells 10,11 . There is an urgent need for the further development of safe anticancer drugs to counteract these negative consequences of the existing drugs. This study aims at the identification of alternative anti-cancer drugs preferably from natural sources with minimal collateral damages to normal cells 12 . Mushroom contain wide range of bioactive compound such as different variety of phenols and flavonoids 13 , polysaccharides, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, tocopherols, carotenoids, organic acids 14 and may act as a potential alternative substitute for naturally occurring anti-oxidants, anticancer,

Organic geochemical evidence of human-controlled fires at Acheulean site of Valdocarros II (Spain, 245 kya)

“…We have found ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol and ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol in all samples from Valdocarros II. Previous studies identified such compounds in wood-decay (xylophagous) fungus [78][79][80] . The highest abundances were found in samples #28 (from Hearth-1) and sample #9 (from Hearth-11), suggesting general fungal presence at Valdocarros with localized intensification at the largest hearths.…”

Lysurus fossatii (Lysuraceae, Basidiomycota). A new species with simple stem-like receptacle structure, from Argentina

“…Despite their odor and strange and magnificent basidiome morphology, some species have been used by humans; some immature stinkhorns are edible (Laessø & Spooner, 1994;Kibby, 2015;Phillips et al, 2018), and some Phallus spp. compounds have even shown antiproliferative activity in cancer cells and leukemia cases (Ray et al, 2020).…”

Metabolic profile and skin-related bioactivities of Cerioporus squamosus hydromethanolic extract

“…Non-melanoma skin cancer is ranked as the 5 th most commonly occurring cancer, accounting for an estimated 1.04 million deaths in 2018, while melanoma skin cancer is the 19 th most commonly occurring cancer, and the incidences of nonmelanoma and melanoma skin cancers have been increasing in recent decades (WHO Fact sheet, 2018). Generally, several mushroom species have shown promising in vitro and in vivo abilities against cancer (Ivanova et al 2014;Blagodatski et al 2018;Ray et al 2020). Very few mushrooms have been testified to have anti-skin cancer activities such as Ganoderma lucidum, and Coriolus versicolor (Chinembiri et al 2014).…”