Assessment of residual active chlorine in sodium hypochlorite solutions after dissolution of porcine incisor pulpal tissue

Clarkson, RM; Smith, T. K.; Kidd, B; Evans, G. W.; Moule, Alex J.

doi:10.1111/adj.12115

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…This approach has been used in previous investigations of continuous chelation (Biel et al 2017;Tartari et al 2017;Zollinger et al 2018). Although it is believed that thermometric titration is more accurate than iodometric titration for assessing FAC in NaOCl solutions (Clarkson et al 2013), its use in continuous chelation is problematic. This is because the thermometric technique requires the conversion of NaOCl to sodium hypobromite (Clarkson et al 2013), which has a different oxidation-reduction potential compared to NaOCl (Vanysek 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio of irrigant volume and tissue mass is also important when measuring the residual FAC following dissolution. In cases where the NaOCl volume is too high for the amount of tissue, only extremely small differences in FAC are seen (Clarkson et al 2013).…”

Section: Methodologies For Assessing Organic Tissue Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The type of tissue used in dissolution studies reported in the literature varies over a wide range, including human (Cullen et al 2015), bovine (Almeida et al 2015) or porcine pulp (Clarkson et al 2013), porcine (Christensen et al 2008) or bovine muscle (Tartari et al 2017;Ulusoy et al 2018) and porcine palatal mucosa (Naenni et al 2004). While stating the actual sample weight and standard deviation (SD) would seem a prerequisite for dissolution studies, so that sample standardization can be verified, often this detail is omitted in studies involving pulpal tissue (Clarkson et al 2006;Jungbluth et al 2012;Cullen et al 2015).…”

Section: Methodologies For Assessing Organic Tissue Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While stating the actual sample weight and standard deviation (SD) would seem a prerequisite for dissolution studies, so that sample standardization can be verified, often this detail is omitted in studies involving pulpal tissue (Clarkson et al 2006;Jungbluth et al 2012;Cullen et al 2015). Part of the reason may be that achieving a consistent sample size for pulp is difficult, because, when it is stated, variations can be over 30% (Clarkson et al 2013;Almeida et al 2015).…”

Section: Methodologies For Assessing Organic Tissue Dissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…FAC can be measured by a variety of methodologies, including colorimetric assays such as diethyl-p-phenylene diamine where a red colour change occurs with oxidation by Cl2 (Palin 1957), or by standard iodometry involving the use of thiosulphate (S203 2-) (Standards Australia 2003). Alternatives include amperometry (Wilde 1991) and thermometric titration, which also measures other ions that are present such as chlorate and chlorite (Clarkson et al 2013).…”

Section: Measurement Of Fac and Iodometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Continuous Chelation in Endodontics with a Focus on the Novel Chelator Clodronate

Wright¹

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BackgroundSodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is essential to endodontic irrigation because it uniquely dissolves organic matter and disinfects. Chelators remove the smear layer. Sequences of NaOCl and the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are in common use because alone neither fulfils all the core functions required of an irrigant. In 2005, the concept of continuous chelation was introduced, whereby a chelator is combined with NaOCl for simultaneous antimicrobial and proteolytic actions and with the capacity to remove smear layer. Not only is this simpler compared to standard irrigation, but some authors report improved antimicrobial effectiveness, enhanced dentinal debris removal, and improved bonding of endodontic materials to dentine. Combinations of alkaline EDTA with NaOCl have been investigated, although the only commercial application of this technique employs the chelator etidronate. The major shortcoming of etidronate-NaOCl mixtures is that a chemical reaction occurs between etidronate and NaOCl, causing reduced NaOCl concentrations over time. Given that continuous chelation may hold advantages, finding a chelator more compatible with NaOCl than etidronate would improve the lifespan of continuous chelation mixtures. ObjectivesThe initial objective was to examine the effect of heating to intracanal temperature on known continuous chelation mixtures. A number of chelators were then screened, aiming to identify one, which when combined with NaOCl had better stability with NaOCl than etidronate and was capable of removing smear layer. Once identified, the NaOCl stability of such a mixture was examined at root canal temperature and in refrigerated storage. Subsequent objectives focused on comparing the identified mixture to etidronate-hypochlorite mixtures, standard sequences and NaOCl with respect to organic tissue dissolution, antimicrobial activity and tooth fracture resistance. MethodsFree available chlorine (FAC), pH and temperature were used to assess NaOCl stability in known continuous chelation mixtures at root canal temperature versus room temperature.Iodometric titration was used to determine the FAC. This methodology was then employed to identify a stable chelator-NaOCl solution from several novel chelator mixtures at room Foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Laurie Walsh and Honorary Associate Professor Bill Kahler. Without them this PhD thesis would not have been possible.Early on in my PhD, Laurie spent considerable time with me ploughing through the endodontic literature. It was this early foundation which engendered in me the importance of reading the literature. Laurie's door was always open and despite being an incredibly busy and productive person, Laurie addressed concerns as they arose and put ideas on the table.He was also the generous funder of my research. This was a godsend as it ensured that products could be purchased when required. Bill was my moral support when times were tough. He always had time to listen and understand. His knowledge on publication ...

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