Assessment of Raman spectroscopy as a fast and non-invasive method for total stratum corneum thickness determination of pig skin

Mahrhauser, Denise-Silvia; Nagelreiter, C.; Gehrig, Sebastian; Geyer, Antonia; Ogris, Manfred; Kwizda, Kristina; Valenta, Claudia

doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.018

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For example, for the isolated pig SC, a thickness of 11.90 ± 2.60 μm was determined. If compared with the investigations by Mahrhauser et al [34], other methods of measurement provide similar results. Prepared SC from pig ears showed a thickness of 11.15 ± 1.52 μm by Raman spectroscopy, with NIR densitometry measurements of 10.22 ± 2.64 and 10.91 ± 2.03 μm.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Dermal Peptide Delivery Using Enhancer Molecules and Colloidal Carrier Systems – Part IV: Search for an Alternative Model Membrane for Future ATR Permeation Studies Using PKEK as the Model Substance

Ac¹,

Rhh

2019

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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The main barrier of the human skin is the stratum corneum (SC). Its properties (also depending on the health and age of the individual) and its influence on improved penetration of active ingredients into the skin are the subject of many research projects. Since the availability of human skin, as the ideal model membrane, is limited, the aim of this study was to find a suitable alternative model membrane from the animal kingdom. The alternative model membrane should be used in subsequent permeation experiments with the Teflon diffusion cell instead of human SC. Previous studies have already investigated the permeation properties of pig, snake, and human skin, but not in a Teflon diffusion cell using ATR. Therefore, it first had to be proven that comparable results can be achieved with animal membranes even under these measurement conditions. This is the precondition for meaningful future permeation experiments with potential enhancers. For this purpose, permeation experiments on various model membranes (human isolated SC, sunburned SC, pig isolated SC, and shed snake skin) by means of FTIR-ATR in a Teflon diffusion cell containing the acceptor and the donor compartment as well as the model membrane were conducted and concentration-time courses of the model peptide PKEK determined. These concentration-time courses were used to calculate and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters (permeation coefficients, lag time, and flux). The starting point was a 10% PKEK solution in D₂O. It turned out that snake skin is the appropriate alternative model membrane for this type of permeation test.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Dermal Peptide Delivery Using Enhancer Molecules and Colloidal Carrier Systems – Part IV: Search for an Alternative Model Membrane for Future ATR Permeation Studies Using PKEK as the Model Substance

Ac¹,

Rhh

2019

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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“…The reason can lie in cartilage detachment, which was shown to influence the measured SC thickness of approx. 25% and an increased occurrence of furrows, which was explained by the modified skin elasticity when the cartilage was removed .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human skin in vivo has a higher skin barrier function than porcine skin ex vivo—comprehensive Raman microscopic study of the stratum corneum

Choe¹,

Schleusener

Lademann

et al. 2018

Journal of Biophotonics

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Porcine skin is widely used as a human skin model in dermatology. For both, porcine stratum corneum (SC) ex vivo and human SC in vivo, the hydrogen bonding states of water, the secondary and tertiary structures of keratin, the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) concentrations and the intercellular lipids' (ICL) lateral organization are investigated depth-dependently using confocal Raman microscopy. The SC depth profiles show that porcine SC ex vivo is characterized by lower hydrogen bonding states of water (10%-30% SC depth), lower NMF concentration in the whole SC, more β-sheet form of keratin (10%-90% SC depth), more folded tertiary keratin structures (30%-70% SC depth) and higher hexagonal lateral packing order of ICL (10%-50% SC depth) compared to human SC in vivo. The results clearly show a higher value of skin barrier function of human SC in vivo than of porcine SC ex vivo. Thus, the human SC in vivo is less permeable for lipophilic and hydrophilic substances than porcine SC ex vivo. Considering the porcine SC as an ex vivo model of human SC in vivo, these findings should be taken into consideration.

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“…Measurements were performed in the high wavenumber region (2,000-4,000 cm -1 ) with the 671 nm laser in 2 µm depth increments up to a depth of 40 µm at a signal collection time of 2 s per spectrum on 8 different locations of each area before and after hair removal. The SC thickness was calculated after constructing mean water concentration profiles [17][18][19]. The water content within the SC increases gradually from the outside to the inside until it reaches an almost constant value in the viable tissue [31].…”

Section: Crs: Sc Thicknessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to investigate the effect of hair removal on SC constituents such as lipid matrix and proteins [15,16]. The SC thickness was determined by confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS) [17][18][19] before and after hair removal. Finally, the effect of all hair removal methods on the skin permeation and skin penetration of the hydrophilic model permeant fluorescein sodium was investigated using Franz-type diffusion cells and in vitro tape stripping studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Physical and Chemical Hair Removal Methods on Skin Barrier Function in vitro: Consequences for a Hydrophilic Model Permeant

Pany

Klang²,

Brunner

et al. 2018

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Background: Although very common in our society, the effect of hair removal on physiological skin parameters and on the ingress of applied chemicals has not been systematically investigated. Thus, as a first step, the aim of the present study was to elucidate the effect of hair removal through epilation (electric epilation, waxing) and depilation (dry and wet shaving, depilatory cream) on skin properties in vitro using the porcine ear model. Methods: Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, measurement of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL), visualization by capacitance-based contact imaging, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), diffusion cell studies and tape stripping experiments were employed. Results: Increased TEWL and altered skin permittivity maps were observed. Decreased stratum corneum thickness was observed after waxing. Diffusion cell studies showed increased skin permeation especially in case of dry shaving, electric epilation and waxing. Conclusion: Considering CRS and diffusion cell data, a moderate if significant decrease in skin barrier function was found after hair removal by dry shaving (physical skin/material interaction) and epilation methods (plucking out the entire hair, for example, by electrical epilation and waxing). Subsequent experiments will include testing of different permeants covering a broad range of physicochemical properties in vitro and confirming our findings in vivo.

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Assessment of Raman spectroscopy as a fast and non-invasive method for total stratum corneum thickness determination of pig skin

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Dermal Peptide Delivery Using Enhancer Molecules and Colloidal Carrier Systems – Part IV: Search for an Alternative Model Membrane for Future ATR Permeation Studies Using PKEK as the Model Substance

Dermal Peptide Delivery Using Enhancer Molecules and Colloidal Carrier Systems – Part IV: Search for an Alternative Model Membrane for Future ATR Permeation Studies Using PKEK as the Model Substance

Human skin in vivo has a higher skin barrier function than porcine skin ex vivo—comprehensive Raman microscopic study of the stratum corneum

Effect of Physical and Chemical Hair Removal Methods on Skin Barrier Function in vitro: Consequences for a Hydrophilic Model Permeant

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