Assessment of Health Risk in Human Populations Due to Chlorpyrifos

Marasinghe, Jeevani; Qian, Yu; Connell, Des

doi:10.3390/toxics2020092

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…However, HQ values (HQ>1) according to the chronic guideline value (0.3 μg/kg/day) of the USEPA were obtained 1.3076, indicating that 5% of the target population are at risk of chronic health effects. In agreement, Marasinghe et al also showed that only a subgroup of pregnant mothers may pose the health risk of chlorpyrifos exposure [ 20 ]. Likewise, Atabila et al, also assessed the health risk of exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana and showed that the median exposed and the 5% highly exposed groups are at high risk of acute adverse health effects due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

“…The primary metabolite of CFP is the TCP and its urinary levels have been assumed to mirror the current exposure to CPF. Hence, biomonitoring studies have measured urinary TCP concentration as a biomarker to evaluate exposure to CPF [ 20 , 24 , 25 ]. Jaacks et al, have detected TCP in urine samples of nearly all studied pregnant women with geometric mean (95% CI) values of 3.17 (2.82–3.56) μg/g of creatinine [ 26 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos in pregnant women using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

et al. 2022

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Since chlorpyrifos (CPF), a major organophosphorus pesticide, is widely used for agricultural and domestic purposes, thus, humans may be exposed to these toxic compounds through multiple sources. In recent years, significant concerns have been raised regarding the deleterious effects of exposure to CPF on human health, especially growing fetus. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the health risks of exposure to CPF among pregnant women living in Isfahan province, Iran, using deterministic and probabilistic approaches. The urinary concentration of 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), the most common metabolite of CPF, was measured as the biomarker of current exposure to CPF. For this purpose, spot urine samples were taken from 110 pregnant women and the urinary concentrations of TCP were quantified. The estimated daily intake and hazard quotient (HQ) for CPF exposure were measured according to the reference values set by World Health Organization (WHO) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) for acute and chronic exposure to CPF. Based on the results, TCP was detected in more than 70% of samples (3.8 ± 2.72 μg/L). The estimated daily intake for some participants was found to be higher than the suggested reference dose by USEPA for chronic exposure to CPF. Furthermore, the HQ>1 was obtained for 20% of the study population in Monte-Carlo analysis using USEPA chronic reference dose, indicating that chronic toxic effects are expected at least for a part of the target population. Based on the findings, proper measures should be taken to reduce the exposure of Iranian pregnant women to CPF and resultant health risks.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos in pregnant women using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

et al. 2022

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“…The results of the present study also confirm that continuous exposure to chemical formulations of CPF are a major concern for human health. In Sri Lanka, the occupational exposure to CPF of the farmers ranged from 2500 to 90,000 ng/kg/day [76]. Therefore, the long-term exposure to chemical formulation of CPF should raise a concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Formulation of Chlorpyrifos Alters Neurological Behaviors and Fertility

Kudavidanage

Dissanayake

Keerthirathna

et al. 2020

Biology

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Pesticides are known to result in toxic insult. We aimed to evaluate Judo 40, the commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos on the neurological activities, fertility, and hormone levels of male rats. Male Wistar rats were treated orally with 1 mL of 20 or 50 mg/kg Judo 40. The doses were administered four times, twice a day. Sexual and exploratory behavior indices, fertility indices, serum androgen levels, blood acetylcholinesterase (BChE) levels, and neurological and muscular effects were evaluated. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone were significantly reduced in the rats receiving 50 mg/kg Judo 40. A reduction in viable implantation sites and live pups born were evident in the female rats mated with the male rats treated with the highest dose. Similarly, in the rats treated with the highest dose of Judo 40, a significant reduction in plasma BChE enzyme was observed. According to the results, prolonged Judo 40 exposure can cause impairment of the neurological alterations and sex hormones leading to impaired fertility. Therefore, chemical handlers should be educated on protection and risk minimization.Biology 2020, 9, 49 2 of 15 environment, chemical formulations of CPFs such as Judo 40 will undergo evaporation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and microbial metabolism [15]. Owing to active soil absorption and the low water dissolubility of CPFs, this can result in the contamination of percolated water, runoff water, and sediments [16], leading to a high accumulation of CPF residues, thus posing acute and chronic health risks to consumers [17].It has been documented that the occupational exposure of humans to pesticides, including CPFs, are high [18]. However, in developing countries, small-scale farmers are continuously exposed to pesticides through mixing, filling, and spraying using backpack sprinklers [19]. They are further at a high risk due to the limited usage of protective gear and lack of awareness on safety [20]. In Sri Lanka, farmers are inclined to use about 30%-40% higher quantities of chemical formulations of CPF than the dose levels recommended by the manufacturers [21]. Growing evidence also indicates that CPF exposure can result in fetal developmental problems, including issues with the weight and head circumference of newborn babies [22], and high incidences of prostate and lung cancers in adults [23]. Alvarez et al. [24] reported that the soil can recover up to 25 ppm of CPF and the percentage decrease with increasing of the initial concentration [25]. The use of commercial formulations of pesticides can aggravate the toxic effects more than use of the pure active ingredient [26].The active ingredient of Judo 40, CPF, is principally responsible for the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) as a result of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) action in animal tissues, and is highly toxic to many animals including copepods, amphipods [27], fish [28], birds, and mammals [29]. It was reported that chronic exposure to 30 days of chronic doses (5 and 10 mg/kg) of CPF led to a decrease in spe...

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“…The technique, however, cannot usually account for the variability of exposure and sensitivity among a population. A strategy to partly address this weakness is to calculate HQ at various percentiles of exposure (Cao et al, 2010;Phung et al, 2012;Marasinghe et al, 2014;Edokpolo et al, 2015;Sadler et al, 2016). In this study, HQ was calculated for exposures at CP 50 (HQ 50 ) and CP 95 (HQ 95 ), which represents the risk among the median-exposed group and the 5% highly-exposed group, respectively.…”

Section: The Hazard Quotient Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Health risk assessment of dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana

et al. 2018

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Generally, there is limited information on pesticide absorbed dose levels and health risk attributable to the dermal route of exposure among applicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the absorbed dose levels and consequent health risk from dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana. The whole-body dosimetry technique was used to capture chlorpyrifos residues penetrating the applicators' clothing and reaching their skin, as well as residues reaching uncovered body areas of the applicators. Acute (ADD) and chronic (LADD) absorbed dose levels of chlorpyrifos were estimated from the residues and plotted as cumulative probability distributions. Health risk from chlorpyrifos exposure was characterized using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) technique. Three of the four acute exposure guideline values used in the study indicated that applicators, represented by the median-exposed (ADD, 15 μg/kg/day) and the 5% - highly exposed (ADD, 27 μg/kg/day) groups were at high risk of acute adverse health effects due to chlorpyrifos exposure, with HQ values ranging from 1.5 to 5 and 2.7 to 9, respectively. Regarding chronic adverse health effects, none of the guideline values suggested risk among the median-exposed group (LADD, 0.3 μg/kg/day), with HQ values ranging from 0.03 to 1. However, two of the chronic exposure guideline values suggested that the 5%- highly exposed group (LADD, 0.6 μg/kg/day) may be adversely affected, with HQ values ranging from 1.2 to 2. These findings highlight the importance of the dermal route as a major pesticide exposure pathway and suggest possible exposure minimization strategies.

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Assessment of Health Risk in Human Populations Due to Chlorpyrifos

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos in pregnant women using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

Health risk assessment of exposure to chlorpyrifos in pregnant women using deterministic and probabilistic approaches

Commercial Formulation of Chlorpyrifos Alters Neurological Behaviors and Fertility

Health risk assessment of dermal exposure to chlorpyrifos among applicators on rice farms in Ghana

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