Assessment of fault location algorithms in transmission grids

Evaluating the Thermal Pollution Caused by Wastewaters Discharged from a Chain of Coal-Fired Power Plants along a River

“…As is widely known, reliable and safe operation of a coal-fired power plant is linked to freshwater resources [8,10,[15][16][17][18][19]. Despite the worldwide pressure to retire existing coal-fired power plants and deny permits for new ones, the continuously increasing demand for electricity makes it likely that humankind will not discontinue the use of coal-fired power plants in the near future.…”

“…Coal-fired power plants often represent one of the larger contributors to acid rain of industrial activity, since they are a large source of sulfur oxides. The coal-fired sector is also a significant source of nitrogen oxides, with an impact comparable to that of transportation [4][5][6][7][8].…”

“…A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by thermoelectric generation stations, particularly coal-fired power plants. Water withdrawals for thermoelectric power generation have been shown to be the highest of any industry [4][5][6][7][8][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and most of that water is used in cooling systems.…”

“…Thermoelectric power generation in a coal-fired plant consists of the conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy [5,8,12]. Coal often is the fuel used to heat a liquid to produce a high-pressure vapor (usually water is heated to produce steam) which then is expanded in a turbine that drives an electric generator [5,8,12].…”

“…Coal often is the fuel used to heat a liquid to produce a high-pressure vapor (usually water is heated to produce steam) which then is expanded in a turbine that drives an electric generator [5,8,12]. An important step in this process is the change of phase of the vapor to a liquid following the turbine stage, and this is where the requirement for cooling water arises.…”