Assessment of factors affecting and causing Hepatitis B in Balochistan-Pakistan

Abstract

Hepatitis B infection caused by HBV is transmitted through HBV contaminated blood and body fluids, is a major communicable disease of vertical transmission. HBV infection is endemic in Asia pacific regions including Pakistan. The main objective of this study was to determine most common factors affecting and causing Hepatitis B. A cross sectional research study was conducted where blood samples were taken from suspected Hepatitis B individuals for diagnosis and confirmation of HBV. Social and demographical factors were studied with the help of questionnaire. Hepatitis B disease is promoted through sharing of equipment and environment with HBV infected individuals. Smoking either active or passive was significantly positively correlated with Hepatitis B disease whereas education and socioeconomic status were negatively correlated with Hepatitis B. The study conclude that unhygienic practices particularly in dental clinics substantially increase the risk of Hepatitis B. The present study serves as a primary data and will be helpful in future research on Hepatitis B in Balochistan.

Phenotypic Analysis, Molecular Characterization, and Antibiogram of Caries-Causing Bacteria Isolated from Dental Patients

“…According to our study results, males are found to have more prevalence of caries as compared to females. The high prevalence in males may be due to different habitual patterns like smoking, more intake of sweets, and others [ 81 , 82 ]. A significant relationship was found between oral hygiene and dental caries; to maintain oral hygiene, it is necessary to adopt daily brushing and avoid sugary foods (refined) [ 83 ].…”

Evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of Tuberculosis

“…The limitations of our study included no information of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although HIV is not very common in the study population but the prevalence of HBV and HCV is higher in the study population [18].…”

“…We did not have information about passive smoking that could have explained the results further. Non-smoking individuals are easily exposed to passive smoking especially in the current study population as smoking indoor and in public places is not very rare event [16][17][18].…”

Examining the Influence of Teacher-Related Factors on Students' Academic Performance: A Case Study of Secondary Schools in Makran Division, Balochistan, Pakistan

“…Teachers are the defenders of the students' performance. In this regard, teachers' poor preparation, and lack of interest and commitment to their duty are very important for the students as well as for schools (Ullah & Almani, 2022). A good teacher was likely to prepare what he taught in school, and the teacher's preparations positively influenced the students' learning, lesson plans, and examinations (Makewa et al, 2012).…”