Assessment of Dermal Absorption of Aluminum from a Representative Antiperspirant Formulation Using a <sup>26</sup>Al Microtracer Approach

Ligt, Rianne de; Duijn, Esther van; Grossouw, Dimitri; Bosgra, Sieto; Burggraaf, Jacobus; Windhorst, Albert D.; Peeters, Pierre; Luijt, Gerrit A. van der; Alexander-White, Camilla; Vaes, Wouter H. J.

doi:10.1111/cts.12579

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Following topical application, 0.01% of Al was assumed to be absorbed based on reports of dermal Al absorption from Al chlorohydrate in humans (Flarend et al 2001;de Ligt et al 2018).…”

Section: Bioavailability Expressed As Approximate Systemic Al Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Yokel

2020

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Publications addressing aluminum (Al)-induced reproductive toxicity were reviewed. Key details were compiled in summary tables. Approximate systemic Al exposure, a measure of bioavailability, was calculated for each exposure, based on the Al percentage in the dosed Al species, Al bioavailability, and absorption time course reports for the exposure route. This was limited to laboratory animal studies because no controlled-exposure human studies were found. Intended Al exposure was compared to unintended dietary Al exposure. The considerable and variable Al content of laboratory animal diets creates uncertainty about reproductive function in the absence of Al. Aluminum-induced reproductive toxicity in female mice and rats was evident after exposure to !25-fold the amount of Al consumed in the diet. Generally, the additional daily Al systemic exposure of studies that reported statistically significant results was greater than 100-fold above the typical human daily Al dietary consumption equivalent. Male reproductive endpoints were significantly affected after exposure to lower levels of Al than females. Increased Al intake increased fetus, placenta, and testes Al concentrations, to a greater extent in the placenta than fetus, and, in some cases, more in the testes than placenta. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) was constructed for males based on the results of the reviewed studies. The proposed AOP includes oxidative stress as the molecular initiating event and increased malondialdehyde, DNA and spermatozoal damage, and decreased blood testosterone and sperm count as subsequent key events. Recommendations for the design of future studies of reproductive outcomes following exposure to Al are provided.

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“…Following topical application, 0.01% of Al was assumed to be absorbed based on reports of dermal Al absorption from Al chlorohydrate in humans (Flarend et al 2001;de Ligt et al 2018).…”

Section: Bioavailability Expressed As Approximate Systemic Al Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Yokel

2020

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Based on their measurements and information on the mean renal excretion rate of 85% of the absorbed aluminium (Priest et al 1995), the authors calculated an average absorption rate of 0.014% (Flarend et al 2001). Recently published preliminary data from another, more comprehensive human toxicokinetics study (de Ligt et al 2018) show very similar absorption rates through intact skin. An in vitro study (Pineau et al 2012) showed average penetration rates through intact skin of 1.6%, 0.6% and 2.0% for the formulations "deodorant spray", "roll-on" and "stick", respectively (calculated according to the "Notes of Guidance for the Testing of Cosmetic Ingredients and their Safety Evaluation" of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety of the European Commission (SCCS 2018) as the sum of the aluminium contents in living epidermis, dermis and receptor fluid).…”

Section: Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion (Adme)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregated aluminium exposure: risk assessment for the general population

et al. 2019

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Aluminium is one of the most abundant elements in earth's crust and its manifold uses result in an exposure of the population from many sources. Developmental toxicity, effects on the urinary tract and neurotoxicity are known effects of aluminium and its compounds. Here, we assessed the health risks resulting from total consumer exposure towards aluminium and various aluminium compounds, including contributions from foodstuffs, food additives, food contact materials (FCM), and cosmetic products. For the estimation of aluminium contents in foodstuff, data from the German "Pilot-Total-Diet-Study" were used, which was conducted as part of the European TDS-Exposure project. These were combined with consumption data from the German National Consumption Survey II to yield aluminium exposure via food for adults. It was found that the average weekly aluminium exposure resulting from food intake amounts to approx. 50% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 1 mg/kg body weight (bw)/week, derived by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). For children, data from the French "Infant Total Diet Study" and the "Second French Total Diet Study" were used to estimate aluminium exposure via food. As a result, the TWI can be exhausted or slightly exceeded-particularly for infants who are not exclusively breastfed and young children relying on specially adapted diets (e.g. soy-based, lactose free, hypoallergenic). When taking into account the overall aluminium exposure from foods, cosmetic products (cosmetics), pharmaceuticals and FCM from uncoated aluminium, a significant exceedance of the EFSA-derived TWI and even the PTWI of 2 mg/kg bw/week, derived by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, may occur. Specifically, high exposure levels were found for adolescents aged 11-14 years. Although exposure data were collected with special regard to the German population, it is also representative for European and comparable to international consumers. From a toxicological point of view, regular exceedance of the lifetime tolerable aluminium intake (TWI/PTWI) is undesirable, since this results in an increased risk for health impairments. Consequently, recommendations on how to reduce overall aluminium exposure are given. Article Highlights • Risk assessment of total aluminium exposure from different sources for different age groups. • Use of data from the European TDS-Exposure project for the estimation of aluminium exposure from foodstuff. • Comprehensive overview of the toxicological properties of aluminium.

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“…The results confirmed that antiperspirants play a minor role in the total systemic exposure to the aluminium salts. Moreover, shaving or daily use did not influence the absorbed quantities of 26 Al (de Ligt et al, 2018).…”

Section: Composition Of Thermal Spring Watersmentioning

confidence: 79%

Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies?

Tarnowska

Briançon

Azevedo

et al. 2020

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

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Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.

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Assessment of Dermal Absorption of Aluminum from a Representative Antiperspirant Formulation Using a ²⁶Al Microtracer Approach

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Aggregated aluminium exposure: risk assessment for the general population

Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies?

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Assessment of Dermal Absorption of Aluminum from a Representative Antiperspirant Formulation Using a 26Al Microtracer Approach

Cited by 18 publications

References 8 publications

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Aluminum reproductive toxicity: a summary and interpretation of scientific reports

Aggregated aluminium exposure: risk assessment for the general population

Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies?

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Product

Resources

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Assessment of Dermal Absorption of Aluminum from a Representative Antiperspirant Formulation Using a ²⁶Al Microtracer Approach