“…Nevertheless, the majority of the risk assessment studies on inhaled NPs is performed on submerged monocultures grown on glass or plastic substrates. Several publications have demonstrated that co‐cultures of multiple cell types have a strong influence on the observed cellular responses to inhaled NPs (Blank et al, ; Clift et al, ; Lehmann et al, ; Muller et al, ; Rothen‐Rutishauser, Blank, et al, ; Rothen‐Rutishauser, Mueller, et al, ; Rothen‐Rutishauser et al, ; Stoehr et al, ). Thus, in our case study, four different in vitro models of the lung epithelium were tested in order to quantify whether the in vitro complexity and culturing substrates can affect the detectable pulmonary inflammatory response to AuNPs.…”