Assessing the Suitability of Cellulose-Nanodiamond Composite As a Multifunctional Biointerface Material for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Interfacial surface properties, both physical and chemical, are known to play a critical role in achieving longterm stability of cell−biomaterial interactions. Novel bone tissue engineering technologies, which provide a suitable interface between cells and biomaterials and mitigate aseptic osteolysis, are sought and can be developed via the incorporation of nanostructured materials. In this sense, engineered nanobased constructs provide an effective interface and suitable topography for direct interaction with cells, promoting faster osseointegration and anchoring. Therefore, herein we have investigated the surface functionalization, biocompatibility, and effect of cellulose-nanodiamond conjugates on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were aminated through a 3aminopropyltriethyoxysilane (APTES) silylation, while nanodiamonds (ND) were treated with a strong acid oxidation reflux, as to produce carboxyl groups on the surface. Thereafter, the two products were covalently joined through an amide linkage, using a common bioconjugation reaction. Human fetal osteoblastic cells (hFOB) were seeded for 7 days to investigate the in vitro performance of the cellulose-nanodiamond conjugates. By employing immunocytochemistry, the bone matrix expression of osteocalcin (OC) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) was analyzed, demonstrating the viability and capacity of osteoblasts to proliferate and differentiate on the developed composite. These results suggest that cellulose-nanodiamond composites, which we call oxidized biocompatible interfacial nanocomposites (oBINC), have the potential to serve as a biointerface material for cell adhesion, proliferationand differentiation because of their osteoconductive properties and biocompatibility; furthermore, they show promising applications for bone tissue regeneration.

Nanocellulose/Nanodiamond Hybrids: A Review

“…Hybrid films with a NDs content of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5 wt% were produced by drying the wet cakes obtained after filtration between metal sheets at 93 • C for 15 min and then under vacuum (Figure 5b) [57]. A different route was proposed to synthesize CNCs/NDs conjugates for biomedical application [68]. In this case, surface aminated CNCs via aminopropyltriethyoxysilane (APTES) grafting and NDs bearing carboxyl groups on their surface resulting from the oxidation of NDs with a mixture of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 were covalently linked using an 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS) mediated amidation (Scheme 1) and the final nanostructures were obtained by lyophilization [68].…”

Nanostructured diamond for biomedical applications

“…Vega-Figueroa et al treated diamond nanoparticles with a strong acid oxidation reflux, which formed carboxyl groups on the diamond nanoparticle surface [185]. The diamond nanoparticles and the aminated cellulose nanocrystals were covalently linked via an amide bond.…”

“…Scale bar=50 μm. Reprinted with permission from [185]. Copyright (2017) American Chemical Society.…”

Fabrication and Evaluation of Polycaprolactone Beads-on-String Membranes for Applications in Bone Tissue Regeneration

“…In Vitro Cell Culture. The hFOB 1.19 (ATCC CRL-11372) cell line was cultured as described in Vega-Figueroa et al 50 Briefly, cells have a doubling time of 36 h and were subcultured when confluency reached approximately 70% to 80%. In the case of cells that were not confluent, the culture medium was changed to replenish nutrients.…”

“…Samples were incubated with the monoclonal anti-BrdU mouse antibody (1:5, GE Healthcare) overnight at 4 °C. Next, samples were rinsed with PBS (3×) and incubated with the polyclonal secondary antibody Alexa Fluor 594 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse (1:250, Jackson Immuno Research) for 1 h. Lastly, after washing, the samples with PBS (3×) were mounted on coverslips as described in Vega-Figueroa et al 50 2.4.3. Morphological Study of hFOB Cells by SEM.…”